#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
//#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")

#define rep(i,n) for(ll i=0;i<n;i++)
#define repl(i,l,r) for(ll i=(l);i<(r);i++)
#define per(i,n) for(ll i=(n)-1;i>=0;i--)
#define perl(i,r,l) for(ll i=r-1;i>=l;i--)
#define fi first
#define se second
#define pb push_back
#define ins insert
#define pqueue(x) priority_queue<x,vector<x>,greater<x>>
#define all(x) (x).begin(),(x).end()
#define CST(x) cout<<fixed<<setprecision(x)
#define vtpl(x,y,z) vector<tuple<x,y,z>>
#define rev(x) reverse(x);
using ll=long long;
using vl=vector<ll>;
using vvl=vector<vector<ll>>;
using pl=pair<ll,ll>;
using vpl=vector<pl>;
using vvpl=vector<vpl>;
const ll MOD=1000000007;
const ll MOD9=998244353;
const int inf=1e9+10;
const ll INF=4e18;
const ll dy[9]={1,0,-1,0,1,1,-1,-1,0};
const ll dx[9]={0,1,0,-1,1,-1,1,-1,0};
template<class T> inline bool chmin(T& a, T b) {
    if (a > b) {
        a = b;
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
template<class T> inline bool chmax(T& a, T b) {
    if (a < b) {
        a = b;
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

template<typename U = unsigned, int B = 32>
class binary_trie {
    struct node {
        int cnt;
        node *ch[2];
        node() : cnt(0), ch{ nullptr, nullptr } {}
    };
    node* add(node* t, U val, int b = B - 1) {
        if (!t) t = new node;
        t->cnt += 1;
        if (b < 0) return t;
        bool f = (val >> (U)b) & (U)1;
        t->ch[f] = add(t->ch[f], val, b - 1);
        return t;
    }
    node* sub(node* t, U val, int b = B - 1) {
        assert(t);
        t->cnt -= 1;
        if (t->cnt == 0) return nullptr;
        if (b < 0) return t;
        bool f = (val >> (U)b) & (U)1;
        t->ch[f] = sub(t->ch[f], val, b - 1);
        return t;
    }
    U get_min(node* t, U val, int b = B - 1) const {
        assert(t);
        if (b < 0) return 0;
        bool f = (val >> (U)b) & (U)1; f ^= !t->ch[f];
        return get_min(t->ch[f], val, b - 1) | ((U)f << (U)b);
    }
    U get(node* t, int k, int b = B - 1) const {
        if (b < 0) return 0;
        int m = t->ch[0] ? t->ch[0]->cnt : 0;
        return k < m ? get(t->ch[0], k, b - 1) : get(t->ch[1], k - m, b - 1) | ((U)1 << (U)b);
    }
    int count_lower(node* t, U val, int b = B - 1) {
        if (!t || b < 0) return 0;
        bool f = (val >> (U)b) & (U)1;
        return (f && t->ch[0] ? t->ch[0]->cnt : 0) + count_lower(t->ch[f], val, b - 1);
    }
    node *root;
public:
    binary_trie() : root(nullptr) {}
    int size() const {
        return root ? root->cnt : 0;
    }
    bool empty() const {
        return !root;
    }
    void insert(U val) {
        root = add(root, val);
    }
    void erase(U val) {
        root = sub(root, val);
    }
    U max_element(U bias = 0) const {
        return get_min(root, ~bias);
    }
    U min_element(U bias = 0) const {
        return get_min(root, bias);
    }
    int lower_bound(U val) { // return id
        return count_lower(root, val);
    }
    int upper_bound(U val) { // return id
        return count_lower(root, val + 1);
    }
    U operator[](int k) const {
        assert(0 <= k && k < size());
        return get(root, k);
    }
    int count(U val) const {
        if (!root) return 0;
        node *t = root;
        for (int i = B - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            t = t->ch[(val >> (U)i) & (U)1];
            if (!t) return 0;
        }
        return t->cnt;
    }
};


namespace NTT {
    //MOD9のNTT auto c=NTT::mul(a,b)で受け取り。
	std::vector<ll> tmp;
	size_t sz = 1;
 
	inline ll powMod(ll n, ll p, ll m) {
		ll res = 1;
		while (p) {
			if (p & 1) res = res * n % m;
			n = n * n % m;
			p >>= 1;
		}
		return res;
	}
	inline ll invMod(ll n, ll m) {
		return powMod(n, m - 2, m);
	}

    ll extGcd(ll a, ll b, ll &p, ll &q) {  
        if (b == 0) { p = 1; q = 0; return a; }  
        ll d = extGcd(b, a%b, q, p);  
        q -= a/b * p;  
        return d;  
    }

    pair<ll, ll> ChineseRem(const vector<ll> &b, const vector<ll> &m) {
        ll r = 0, M = 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < (int)b.size(); ++i) {
            ll p, q;
            ll d = extGcd(M, m[i], p, q); // p is inv of M/d (mod. m[i]/d)
            if ((b[i] - r) % d != 0) return make_pair(0, -1);
            ll tmp = (b[i] - r) / d * p % (m[i]/d);
            r += M * tmp;
            M *= m[i]/d;
        }
        return make_pair((r+M+M)%M, M);
    }
 
	template <ll Mod, ll PrimitiveRoot>
	struct NTTPart {
		static std::vector<ll> ntt(std::vector<ll> a, bool inv = false) {
			size_t mask = sz - 1;
			size_t p = 0;
			for (size_t i = sz >> 1; i >= 1; i >>= 1) {
				auto& cur = (p & 1) ? tmp : a;
				auto& nex = (p & 1) ? a : tmp;
				ll e = powMod(PrimitiveRoot, (Mod - 1) / sz * i, Mod);
				if (inv) e = invMod(e, Mod);
				ll w = 1;
				for (size_t j = 0; j < sz; j += i) {
					for (size_t k = 0; k < i; ++k) {
						nex[j + k] = (cur[((j << 1) & mask) + k] + w * cur[(((j << 1) + i) & mask) + k]) % Mod;
					}
					w = w * e % Mod;
				}
				++p;
			}
			if (p & 1) std::swap(a, tmp);
			if (inv) {
				ll invSz = invMod(sz, Mod);
				for (size_t i = 0; i < sz; ++i) a[i] = a[i] * invSz % Mod;
			}
			return a;
		}
		static std::vector<ll> mul(std::vector<ll> a, std::vector<ll> b) {
			a = ntt(a);
			b = ntt(b);
			for (size_t i = 0; i < sz; ++i) a[i] = a[i] * b[i] % Mod;
			a = ntt(a, true);
			return a;
		}
	};
	std::vector<ll> mul(std::vector<ll> a, std::vector<ll> b) {
		size_t m = a.size() + b.size() - 1;
		sz = 1;
		while (m > sz) sz <<= 1;
		tmp.resize(sz);
		a.resize(sz, 0);
		b.resize(sz, 0);
		vector<ll> c=NTTPart<998244353,3>::mul(a, b);
		c.resize(m);
		return c;
	}
    std::vector<ll> mul_ll(std::vector<ll> a, std::vector<ll> b) {
		size_t m = a.size() + b.size() - 1;
		sz = 1;
		while (m > sz) sz <<= 1;
		tmp.resize(sz);
		a.resize(sz, 0);
		b.resize(sz, 0);
		vector<ll> c=NTTPart<998244353,3>::mul(a, b);
        vector<ll> d=NTTPart<1224736769,3>::mul(a, b);
		c.resize(m);d.resize(m);
        vector<ll> e(m);
        rep(i,m)e[i]=ChineseRem({c[i],d[i]},{998244353,1224736769}).first;
		return e;
	}
};



//Big int
vector<ll> carry_and_fix(vector<ll> digit) {
    int N = digit.size();
    for(int i = 0; i < N - 1; ++i) {
        // 繰り上がり処理 (K は繰り上がりの回数)
        if(digit[i] >= 10) {
            int K = digit[i] / 10;
            digit[i] -= K * 10;
            digit[i + 1] += K;
        }
        // 繰り下がり処理 (K は繰り下がりの回数)
        if(digit[i] < 0) {
            int K = (-digit[i] - 1) / 10 + 1;
            digit[i] += K * 10;
            digit[i + 1] -= K;
        }
    }
    // 一番上の桁が 10 以上なら、桁数を増やすことを繰り返す
    while(digit.back() >= 10) {
        int K = digit.back() / 10;
        digit.back() -= K * 10;
        digit.push_back(K);
    }
    // 1 桁の「0」以外なら、一番上の桁の 0 (リーディング・ゼロ) を消す
    while(digit.size() >= 2 && digit.back() == 0) {
        digit.pop_back();
    }
    return digit;
}

vector<ll> string_to_bigint(string S) {
    int N = S.size(); // N = (文字列 S の長さ)
    vector<ll> digit(N);
    for(int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
        digit[i] = S[N - i - 1] - '0'; // 10^i の位の数
    }
    return digit;
}
string bigint_to_string(vector<ll> digit) {
    int N = digit.size(); // N = (配列 digit の長さ)
    string str = "";
    for(int i = N - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
        str += digit[i] + '0';
    }
    return str;
}

vector<ll> addition(vector<ll> digit_a, vector<ll> digit_b) {
    int N = max(digit_a.size(), digit_b.size()); // a と b の大きい方
    vector<ll> digit_ans(N); // 長さ N の配列 digit_ans を作る
    for(int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
        digit_ans[i] = (i < digit_a.size() ? digit_a[i] : 0) + (i < digit_b.size() ? digit_b[i] : 0);
        // digit_ans[i] を digit_a[i] + digit_b[i] にする (範囲外の場合は 0)
    }
    return carry_and_fix(digit_ans); // 2-4 節「繰り上がり計算」の関数です
}

vector<ll> multiplication(vector<ll> digit_a, vector<ll> digit_b) {
    vector<ll> res=NTT::mul(digit_a,digit_b);
    return carry_and_fix(res);
}


int main(){
    ll n;cin >> n;
    binary_trie<int,20> bt;
    rep(i,n)bt.insert(i+1);
    queue<pair<vl,vl>> que;
    rep(i,n){
        ll a;cin >> a;
        if(i==n-1)break;
        ll g=bt.lower_bound(a);
        ll f=n-i-1;g*=f;
       // cout << f <<" " << g << endl;
        auto nf=string_to_bigint(to_string(f));
        auto ng=string_to_bigint(to_string(g));
        bt.erase(a);
        que.push({nf,ng});
    }
    while(que.size()>1){
        queue<pair<vl,vl>> nque;
        while(que.size()>=2){
            auto x=que.front();que.pop();
            auto y=que.front();que.pop();
            vl na=multiplication(x.first,y.first);
            vl nb=addition(multiplication(x.second,y.first),y.second);
            nque.push({na,nb});
        }
        if(que.size())nque.push(que.front());
        swap(que,nque);
    }
    auto ans=que.front().second;ans=addition(ans,vl({1}));
    cout << bigint_to_string(ans) << endl;
}