#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;

int main(){
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0);
    int T;
    cin >> T;
    while(T--){
        ll x, y, ans = 0;
        cin >> x >> y;
        ll c = y;
        while(x >> c & 1){
            ans += 1ll << c;
            c++;
        }
        c = y - 1;
        while(c >= 0){
            ans += 1ll << c;
            c--;
        }
        cout << ans << '\n';
    }
}