pub mod scanner {

    pub struct Scanner {
        buf: Vec<String>,
    }

    impl Scanner {
        pub fn new() -> Self {
            Self { buf: vec![] }
        }

        pub fn new_from(source: &str) -> Self {
            let source = String::from(source);
            let buf = Self::split(source);
            Self { buf }
        }

        pub fn next<T: std::str::FromStr>(&mut self) -> T {
            loop {
                if let Some(x) = self.buf.pop() {
                    return x.parse().ok().expect("");
                }
                let mut source = String::new();
                std::io::stdin().read_line(&mut source).expect("");
                self.buf = Self::split(source);
            }
        }

        fn split(source: String) -> Vec<String> {
            source
                .split_whitespace()
                .rev()
                .map(String::from)
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        }
    }
}

use crate::scanner::Scanner;
use std::io::Write;
fn main() {
    let mut scanner = Scanner::new();
    let out = std::io::stdout();
    let mut out = std::io::BufWriter::new(out.lock());
    solve(&mut scanner, &mut out);
}
fn solve(scanner: &mut Scanner, out: &mut std::io::BufWriter<std::io::StdoutLock>) {
    let mut ans = vec![0usize; 100];
    ans[0] = 1;
    {
        let mut b = 2usize;
        for i in 1..=60 {
            ans[i] = ans[i - 1] + b;
            b *= 2;
        }
    }
    let t: usize = scanner.next();
    for _ in 0..t {
        let x: usize = scanner.next();
        let y: usize = scanner.next();
        let mut z = y;
        while ((x >> z) & 1) == 1 {
            z += 1;
        }
        z -= 1;
        writeln!(out, "{}", ans[z]).unwrap();
    }
}