#line 2 "graph/template.hpp" #include namespace ebi { template struct Edge { int to; T cost; Edge(int _to, T _cost = 1) : to(_to), cost(_cost) {} }; template struct Graph : std::vector>> { using std::vector>>::vector; void add_edge(int u, int v, T w, bool directed = false) { (*this)[u].emplace_back(v, w); if (directed) return; (*this)[v].emplace_back(u, w); } }; struct graph : std::vector> { using std::vector>::vector; void add_edge(int u, int v, bool directed = false) { (*this)[u].emplace_back(v); if (directed) return; (*this)[v].emplace_back(u); } }; } // namespace ebi #line 2 "matrix/square_matrix.hpp" #line 4 "matrix/square_matrix.hpp" namespace ebi { template struct square_matrix { private: using Self = square_matrix; public: square_matrix(Field val = 0) : mat(std::vector(N, std::vector(N, val))) {} Self operator+(Self &rhs) const noexcept { return Self(*this) += rhs; } Self operator-(Self &rhs) const noexcept { return Self(*this) -= rhs; } Self operator*(Self &rhs) const noexcept { return Self(*this) *= rhs; } Self &operator+=(Self &rhs) noexcept { for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) { mat[i][j] += rhs[i][j]; } } return *this; } Self &operator-=(Self &rhs) noexcept { for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) { mat[i][j] -= rhs[i][j]; } } return *this; } Self &operator*=(Self &rhs) noexcept { Self ret; for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) { for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) { ret[i][j] += mat[i][k] * rhs[k][j]; } } } return *this = ret; } Self pow(long long n) const { Self res; for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) { res[i][i] = 1; } Self x = *this; while (n > 0) { if (n & 1) res *= x; x *= x; n >>= 1; } return res; } Field det() const { Self res = *this; Field d = 1; for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) { if (res[i][i] == 0) { int flag = -1; for (int j = i + 1; j < N; ++j) { if (res[j][i] != 0) { flag = j; break; } } if (flag < 0) { return 0; } std::swap(res[i], res[flag]); d = -d; } Field inv = res[i][i].inv(); for (int j = i + 1; j < N; ++j) { Field fac = res[j][i] * inv; for (int k = i; k < N; ++k) { res[j][k] -= fac * res[i][k]; } } d *= res[i][i]; } return d; } static Self identity() { Self res; for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) { res[i][i] = 1; } return res; } std::vector &operator[](int i) { return mat[i]; } static void set_size(int n) { N = n; } private: std::vector> mat; static int N; }; template int square_matrix::N = 0; } // namespace ebi #line 1 "template/template.hpp" #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #line 31 "template/template.hpp" #define rep(i, a, n) for (int i = (int)(a); i < (int)(n); i++) #define rrep(i, a, n) for (int i = ((int)(n)-1); i >= (int)(a); i--) #define Rep(i, a, n) for (i64 i = (i64)(a); i < (i64)(n); i++) #define RRep(i, a, n) for (i64 i = ((i64)(n)-i64(1)); i >= (i64)(a); i--) #define all(v) (v).begin(), (v).end() #define rall(v) (v).rbegin(), (v).rend() #line 2 "template/debug_template.hpp" #line 4 "template/debug_template.hpp" namespace ebi { #ifdef LOCAL #define debug(...) \ std::cerr << "LINE: " << __LINE__ << " [" << #__VA_ARGS__ << "]:", \ debug_out(__VA_ARGS__) #else #define debug(...) #endif void debug_out() { std::cerr << std::endl; } template void debug_out(Head h, Tail... t) { std::cerr << " " << h; if (sizeof...(t) > 0) std::cerr << " :"; debug_out(t...); } } #line 2 "template/int_alias.hpp" #line 4 "template/int_alias.hpp" namespace ebi { using std::size_t; using i8 = std::int8_t; using u8 = std::uint8_t; using i16 = std::int16_t; using u16 = std::uint16_t; using i32 = std::int32_t; using u32 = std::uint32_t; using i64 = std::int64_t; using u64 = std::uint64_t; using i128 = __int128_t; using u128 = __uint128_t; } #line 2 "template/io.hpp" #line 6 "template/io.hpp" namespace ebi { template std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const std::pair &pa) { return os << pa.first << " " << pa.second; } template std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &os, std::pair &pa) { return os >> pa.first >> pa.second; } template std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const std::vector &vec) { for (std::size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) os << vec[i] << (i + 1 == vec.size() ? "" : " "); return os; } template std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &os, std::vector &vec) { for (T &e : vec) std::cin >> e; return os; } template std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const std::optional &opt) { if (opt) { os << opt.value(); } else { os << "invalid value"; } return os; } void fast_io() { std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(15); std::cin.tie(nullptr); std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false); } } // namespace ebi #line 2 "template/utility.hpp" #line 5 "template/utility.hpp" #line 7 "template/utility.hpp" namespace ebi { template inline bool chmin(T &a, T b) { if (a > b) { a = b; return true; } return false; } template inline bool chmax(T &a, T b) { if (a < b) { a = b; return true; } return false; } constexpr i64 LNF = std::numeric_limits::max() / 4; constexpr int INF = std::numeric_limits::max() / 2; const std::vector dy = {1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 1, -1, -1}; const std::vector dx = {0, 1, 0, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1}; } // namespace ebi #line 2 "utility/modint.hpp" #line 6 "utility/modint.hpp" #line 2 "utility/modint_base.hpp" #line 4 "utility/modint_base.hpp" namespace ebi { namespace internal { struct modint_base {}; template using is_modint = std::is_base_of; template using is_modint_t = std::enable_if_t::value>; struct static_modint_base : modint_base {}; template using is_static_modint = std::is_base_of; template using is_static_modint_t = std::enable_if_t::value>; } // namespace internal } // namespace ebi #line 8 "utility/modint.hpp" namespace ebi { template struct static_modint : internal::static_modint_base { private: using modint = static_modint; public: static constexpr int mod() { return m; } static constexpr modint raw(int v) { modint x; x._v = v; return x; } constexpr static_modint() : _v(0) {} constexpr static_modint(long long v) { v %= (long long)umod(); if (v < 0) v += (long long)umod(); _v = (unsigned int)v; } constexpr unsigned int val() const { return _v; } constexpr unsigned int value() const { return val(); } constexpr modint &operator++() { _v++; if (_v == umod()) _v = 0; return *this; } constexpr modint &operator--() { if (_v == 0) _v = umod(); _v--; return *this; } constexpr modint operator++(int) { modint res = *this; ++*this; return res; } constexpr modint operator--(int) { modint res = *this; --*this; return res; } constexpr modint &operator+=(const modint &rhs) { _v += rhs._v; if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod(); return *this; } constexpr modint &operator-=(const modint &rhs) { _v -= rhs._v; if (_v >= umod()) _v += umod(); return *this; } constexpr modint &operator*=(const modint &rhs) { unsigned long long x = _v; x *= rhs._v; _v = (unsigned int)(x % (unsigned long long)umod()); return *this; } constexpr modint &operator/=(const modint &rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs.inv(); } constexpr modint operator+() const { return *this; } constexpr modint operator-() const { return modint() - *this; } constexpr modint pow(long long n) const { assert(0 <= n); modint x = *this, res = 1; while (n) { if (n & 1) res *= x; x *= x; n >>= 1; } return res; } constexpr modint inv() const { assert(_v); return pow(umod() - 2); } friend modint operator+(const modint &lhs, const modint &rhs) { return modint(lhs) += rhs; } friend modint operator-(const modint &lhs, const modint &rhs) { return modint(lhs) -= rhs; } friend modint operator*(const modint &lhs, const modint &rhs) { return modint(lhs) *= rhs; } friend modint operator/(const modint &lhs, const modint &rhs) { return modint(lhs) /= rhs; } friend bool operator==(const modint &lhs, const modint &rhs) { return lhs.val() == rhs.val(); } friend bool operator!=(const modint &lhs, const modint &rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); } private: unsigned int _v = 0; static constexpr unsigned int umod() { return m; } }; template std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &os, static_modint &a) { long long x; os >> x; a = x; return os; } template std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const static_modint &a) { return os << a.val(); } using modint998244353 = static_modint<998244353>; using modint1000000007 = static_modint<1000000007>; } // namespace ebi #line 5 "a.cpp" namespace ebi { using mint = modint998244353; using Matrix = square_matrix; void main_() { int n, k; std::cin >> n >> k; Matrix::set_size(n - 1); std::vector cs(k, std::vector>()); rep(i, 0, k) { int t; std::cin >> t; cs[i].resize(t); for (auto &[a, b] : cs[i]) { std::cin >> a >> b; a--; b--; } } std::vector s(k); rep(i, 0, k) { for (auto [a, b] : cs[i]) { if (a < n - 1) s[i][a][a]++; if (b < n - 1) s[i][b][b]++; if (a < n - 1 && b < n - 1) { s[i][a][b]--; s[i][b][a]--; } } } mint ans = 0; rep(bit, 0, 1 << k) { Matrix a; int cnt = 0; rep(i, 0, k) { if ((bit >> i) & 1) { a += s[i]; } else cnt++; } if (cnt % 2 == 0) { ans += a.det(); } else { ans -= a.det(); } } std::cout << ans << '\n'; } } // namespace ebi int main() { ebi::fast_io(); int t = 1; // std::cin >> t; while (t--) { ebi::main_(); } return 0; }