using System;
using static System.Console;
using System.Linq;
using System.Collections.Generic;

class Program
{
    static int NN => int.Parse(ReadLine());
    static int[] NList => ReadLine().Split().Select(int.Parse).ToArray();
    static int[] NMi => ReadLine().Split().Select(c => int.Parse(c) - 1).ToArray();
    static int[][] NMap(int n) => Enumerable.Repeat(0, n).Select(_ => NMi).ToArray();
    public static void Main()
    {
        Solve();
    }
    static void Solve()
    {
        var t = NN;
        var ans = new long[t];
        var mod = 998_244_353;
        for (var u = 0; u < t; ++u)
        {
            var c = NList;
            var (n, k) = (c[0], c[1]);
            for (var i = 1; i <= k; ++i) ans[u] = (ans[u] + Exp(i + 1, n, mod)) % mod;
        }
        WriteLine(string.Join("\n", ans));
    }
    static long Exp(long n, long p, int mod)
    {
        long _n = n % mod;
        var _p = p;
        var result = 1L;
        if ((_p & 1) == 1) result *= _n;
        while (_p > 0)
        {
            _n = _n * _n % mod;
            _p >>= 1;
            if ((_p & 1) == 1) result = result * _n % mod;
        }
        return result;
    }
}