// #pragma GCC target("avx2")
// #pragma GCC optimize("O3")
// #pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops")
// #define INTERACTIVE

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

namespace templates {
// type
using ll  = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
using Pii = pair<int, int>;
using Pil = pair<int, ll>;
using Pli = pair<ll, int>;
using Pll = pair<ll, ll>;
template <class T>
using pq = priority_queue<T>;
template <class T>
using qp = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;
// clang-format off
#define vec(T, A, ...) vector<T> A(__VA_ARGS__);
#define vvec(T, A, h, ...) vector<vector<T>> A(h, vector<T>(__VA_ARGS__));
#define vvvec(T, A, h1, h2, ...) vector<vector<vector<T>>> A(h1, vector<vector<T>>(h2, vector<T>(__VA_ARGS__)));
// clang-format on

// for loop
#define fori1(a) for (ll _ = 0; _ < (a); _++)
#define fori2(i, a) for (ll i = 0; i < (a); i++)
#define fori3(i, a, b) for (ll i = (a); i < (b); i++)
#define fori4(i, a, b, c) for (ll i = (a); ((c) > 0 || i > (b)) && ((c) < 0 || i < (b)); i += (c))
#define overload4(a, b, c, d, e, ...) e
#define fori(...) overload4(__VA_ARGS__, fori4, fori3, fori2, fori1)(__VA_ARGS__)

// declare and input
// clang-format off
#define INT(...) int __VA_ARGS__; inp(__VA_ARGS__);
#define LL(...) ll __VA_ARGS__; inp(__VA_ARGS__);
#define STRING(...) string __VA_ARGS__; inp(__VA_ARGS__);
#define CHAR(...) char __VA_ARGS__; inp(__VA_ARGS__);
#define DOUBLE(...) double __VA_ARGS__; STRING(str___); __VA_ARGS__ = stod(str___);
#define VEC(T, A, n) vector<T> A(n); inp(A);
#define VVEC(T, A, n, m) vector<vector<T>> A(n, vector<T>(m)); inp(A);
// clang-format on

// const value
const ll MOD1   = 1000000007;
const ll MOD9   = 998244353;
const double PI = acos(-1);

// other macro
#if !defined(RIN__LOCAL) && !defined(INTERACTIVE)
#define endl "\n"
#endif
#define spa ' '
#define len(A) ll(A.size())
#define all(A) begin(A), end(A)

// function
vector<char> stoc(string &S) {
    int n = S.size();
    vector<char> ret(n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) ret[i] = S[i];
    return ret;
}
string ctos(vector<char> &S) {
    int n      = S.size();
    string ret = "";
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) ret += S[i];
    return ret;
}

template <class T>
auto min(const T &a) {
    return *min_element(all(a));
}
template <class T>
auto max(const T &a) {
    return *max_element(all(a));
}
template <class T, class S>
auto clamp(T &a, const S &l, const S &r) {
    return (a > r ? r : a < l ? l : a);
}
template <class T, class S>
inline bool chmax(T &a, const S &b) {
    return (a < b ? a = b, 1 : 0);
}
template <class T, class S>
inline bool chmin(T &a, const S &b) {
    return (a > b ? a = b, 1 : 0);
}
template <class T, class S>
inline bool chclamp(T &a, const S &l, const S &r) {
    auto b = clamp(a, l, r);
    return (a != b ? a = b, 1 : 0);
}

template <typename T>
T sum(vector<T> &A) {
    T tot = 0;
    for (auto a : A) tot += a;
    return tot;
}

template <typename T>
vector<T> compression(vector<T> X) {
    sort(all(X));
    X.erase(unique(all(X)), X.end());
    return X;
}

// input and output
namespace io {
// __int128_t
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &dest, __int128_t value) {
    std::ostream::sentry s(dest);
    if (s) {
        __uint128_t tmp = value < 0 ? -value : value;
        char buffer[128];
        char *d = std::end(buffer);
        do {
            --d;
            *d = "0123456789"[tmp % 10];
            tmp /= 10;
        } while (tmp != 0);
        if (value < 0) {
            --d;
            *d = '-';
        }
        int len = std::end(buffer) - d;
        if (dest.rdbuf()->sputn(d, len) != len) {
            dest.setstate(std::ios_base::badbit);
        }
    }
    return dest;
}

// vector<T>
template <typename T>
istream &operator>>(istream &is, vector<T> &A) {
    for (auto &a : A) is >> a;
    return is;
}
template <typename T>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, vector<T> &A) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < A.size(); i++) {
        os << A[i];
        if (i != A.size() - 1) os << ' ';
    }
    return os;
}

// vector<vector<T>>
template <typename T>
istream &operator>>(istream &is, vector<vector<T>> &A) {
    for (auto &a : A) is >> a;
    return is;
}
template <typename T>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, vector<vector<T>> &A) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < A.size(); i++) {
        os << A[i];
        if (i != A.size() - 1) os << endl;
    }
    return os;
}

// pair<S, T>
template <typename S, typename T>
istream &operator>>(istream &is, pair<S, T> &A) {
    is >> A.first >> A.second;
    return is;
}
template <typename S, typename T>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, pair<S, T> &A) {
    os << A.first << ' ' << A.second;
    return os;
}

// vector<pair<S, T>>
template <typename S, typename T>
istream &operator>>(istream &is, vector<pair<S, T>> &A) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < A.size(); i++) {
        is >> A[i];
    }
    return is;
}
template <typename S, typename T>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, vector<pair<S, T>> &A) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < A.size(); i++) {
        os << A[i];
        if (i != A.size() - 1) os << endl;
    }
    return os;
}

// tuple
template <typename T, size_t N>
struct TuplePrint {
    static ostream &print(ostream &os, const T &t) {
        TuplePrint<T, N - 1>::print(os, t);
        os << ' ' << get<N - 1>(t);
        return os;
    }
};
template <typename T>
struct TuplePrint<T, 1> {
    static ostream &print(ostream &os, const T &t) {
        os << get<0>(t);
        return os;
    }
};
template <typename... Args>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const tuple<Args...> &t) {
    TuplePrint<decltype(t), sizeof...(Args)>::print(os, t);
    return os;
}

// io functions
void FLUSH() {
    cout << flush;
}

void print() {
    cout << endl;
}
template <class Head, class... Tail>
void print(Head &&head, Tail &&...tail) {
    cout << head;
    if (sizeof...(Tail)) cout << spa;
    print(std::forward<Tail>(tail)...);
}

template <typename T, typename S>
void prisep(vector<T> &A, S sep) {
    int n = A.size();
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        cout << A[i];
        if (i != n - 1) cout << sep;
    }
    cout << endl;
}
template <typename T, typename S>
void priend(T A, S end) {
    cout << A << end;
}
template <typename T>
void prispa(T A) {
    priend(A, spa);
}
template <typename T, typename S>
bool printif(bool f, T A, S B) {
    if (f)
        print(A);
    else
        print(B);
    return f;
}

template <class... T>
void inp(T &...a) {
    (cin >> ... >> a);
}

} // namespace io
using namespace io;

// read graph
vector<vector<int>> read_edges(int n, int m, bool direct = false, int indexed = 1) {
    vector<vector<int>> edges(n, vector<int>());
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        INT(u, v);
        u -= indexed;
        v -= indexed;
        edges[u].push_back(v);
        if (!direct) edges[v].push_back(u);
    }
    return edges;
}
vector<vector<int>> read_tree(int n, int indexed = 1) {
    return read_edges(n, n - 1, false, indexed);
}

template <typename T = long long>
vector<vector<pair<int, T>>> read_wedges(int n, int m, bool direct = false, int indexed = 1) {
    vector<vector<pair<int, T>>> edges(n, vector<pair<int, T>>());
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        INT(u, v);
        T w;
        inp(w);
        u -= indexed;
        v -= indexed;
        edges[u].push_back({v, w});
        if (!direct) edges[v].push_back({u, w});
    }
    return edges;
}
template <typename T = long long>
vector<vector<pair<int, T>>> read_wtree(int n, int indexed = 1) {
    return read_wedges<T>(n, n - 1, false, indexed);
}

// yes / no
namespace yesno {

// yes
inline bool yes(bool f = true) {
    cout << (f ? "yes" : "no") << endl;
    return f;
}
inline bool Yes(bool f = true) {
    cout << (f ? "Yes" : "No") << endl;
    return f;
}
inline bool YES(bool f = true) {
    cout << (f ? "YES" : "NO") << endl;
    return f;
}

// no
inline bool no(bool f = true) {
    cout << (!f ? "yes" : "no") << endl;
    return f;
}
inline bool No(bool f = true) {
    cout << (!f ? "Yes" : "No") << endl;
    return f;
}
inline bool NO(bool f = true) {
    cout << (!f ? "YES" : "NO") << endl;
    return f;
}

// possible
inline bool possible(bool f = true) {
    cout << (f ? "possible" : "impossible") << endl;
    return f;
}
inline bool Possible(bool f = true) {
    cout << (f ? "Possible" : "Impossible") << endl;
    return f;
}
inline bool POSSIBLE(bool f = true) {
    cout << (f ? "POSSIBLE" : "IMPOSSIBLE") << endl;
    return f;
}

// impossible
inline bool impossible(bool f = true) {
    cout << (!f ? "possible" : "impossible") << endl;
    return f;
}
inline bool Impossible(bool f = true) {
    cout << (!f ? "Possible" : "Impossible") << endl;
    return f;
}
inline bool IMPOSSIBLE(bool f = true) {
    cout << (!f ? "POSSIBLE" : "IMPOSSIBLE") << endl;
    return f;
}

// Alice Bob
inline bool Alice(bool f = true) {
    cout << (f ? "Alice" : "Bob") << endl;
    return f;
}
inline bool Bob(bool f = true) {
    cout << (f ? "Bob" : "Alice") << endl;
    return f;
}

// Takahashi Aoki
inline bool Takahashi(bool f = true) {
    cout << (f ? "Takahashi" : "Aoki") << endl;
    return f;
}
inline bool Aoki(bool f = true) {
    cout << (f ? "Aoki" : "Takahashi") << endl;
    return f;
}

} // namespace yesno
using namespace yesno;

} // namespace templates
using namespace templates;

template <typename T>
struct BIT {
    int n;
    std::vector<T> tree;

    BIT(int n) : n(n) {
        tree.assign(n + 1, T(0));
    }
    BIT() = default;
    T _sum(int i) {
        i++;
        T res = T(0);
        while (i > 0) {
            res += tree[i];
            i -= i & -i;
        }
        return res;
    }

    T sum(int l, int r) {
        return _sum(r - 1) - _sum(l - 1);
    }

    T sum(int r) {
        return _sum(r - 1);
    }

    T get(int i) {
        return _sum(i) - _sum(i - 1);
    }

    void add(int i, T x) {
        i++;
        while (i <= n) {
            tree[i] += x;
            i += i & -i;
        }
    }

    int lower_bound(T x) {
        int pos  = 0;
        int plus = 1;
        while (plus * 2 <= n) plus *= 2;
        while (plus > 0) {
            if ((pos + plus <= n) && (tree[pos + plus] < x)) {
                x -= tree[pos + plus];
                pos += plus;
            }
            plus >>= 1;
        }
        return pos;
    }
};

void solve() {
    INT(t);

    const int N = 200200;
    vec(int, div, N, 0);
    iota(all(div), 0);
    fori(i, 2, N) {
        if (div[i] != i) continue;
        fori(j, i * i, N, i) {
            chmin(div[j], i);
        }
    }
    vec(ll, totient, N, 0);
    iota(all(totient), 0);
    totient[1] = 0;
    fori(i, 2, N) {
        ll x = i;
        while (x > 1) {
            ll p = div[x];
            while (x % p == 0) x /= p;
            totient[i] = totient[i] / p * (p - 1);
        }
    }

    const int B = 700;
    int M       = (N + B - 1) / B;
    using BI    = BIT<ll>;
    vec(BI, bit, M);
    fori(i, M) bit[i] = BI(N);
    fori(i, 2, N) {
        int p = i / B;
        fori(j, i, N, i) {
            bit[p].add(j, totient[i]);
        }
    }
    vec(ll, cum, N, 0);
    fori(i, 1, N) cum[i] = cum[i - 1] + totient[i];

    ll ans = 0;

    fori(t) {
        LL(a, b);
        ll l = a ^ ans;
        ll r = b ^ ans;
        ll d = r - l + 1;
        ans  = cum[d];
        d++;
        while (d % B != 0) {
            if ((l - 1) / d != r / d) {
                ans += totient[d];
            }
            d++;
        }
        fori(p, d / B, M) {
            ans += bit[p].sum(l, r + 1);
        }
        print(ans);
    }
}

int main() {
#ifndef INTERACTIVE
    std::cin.tie(0)->sync_with_stdio(0);
#endif
    // std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(12);
    int t;
    t = 1;
    // std::cin >> t;
    while (t--) solve();
    return 0;
}

// // #pragma GCC target("avx2")
// // #pragma GCC optimize("O3")
// // #pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops")
// // #define INTERACTIVE
//
// #include "kyopro-cpp/template.hpp"
//
// #include "data_structure/BIT.hpp"
//
// void solve() {
//     INT(t);
//
//     const int N = 200200;
//     vec(int, div, N, 0);
//     iota(all(div), 0);
//     fori(i, 2, N) {
//         if (div[i] != i) continue;
//         fori(j, i * i, N, i) {
//             chmin(div[j], i);
//         }
//     }
//     vec(ll, totient, N, 0);
//     iota(all(totient), 0);
//     totient[1] = 0;
//     fori(i, 2, N) {
//         ll x = i;
//         while (x > 1) {
//             ll p = div[x];
//             while (x % p == 0) x /= p;
//             totient[i] = totient[i] / p * (p - 1);
//         }
//     }
//
//     const int B = 700;
//     int M       = (N + B - 1) / B;
//     using BI    = BIT<ll>;
//     vec(BI, bit, M);
//     fori(i, M) bit[i] = BI(N);
//     fori(i, 2, N) {
//         int p = i / B;
//         fori(j, i, N, i) {
//             bit[p].add(j, totient[i]);
//         }
//     }
//     vec(ll, cum, N, 0);
//     fori(i, 1, N) cum[i] = cum[i - 1] + totient[i];
//
//     ll ans = 0;
//
//     fori(t) {
//         LL(a, b);
//         ll l = a ^ ans;
//         ll r = b ^ ans;
//         ll d = r - l + 1;
//         ans  = cum[d];
//         d++;
//         while (d % B != 0) {
//             if ((l - 1) / d != r / d) {
//                 ans += totient[d];
//             }
//             d++;
//         }
//         fori(p, d / B, M) {
//             ans += bit[p].sum(l, r + 1);
//         }
//         print(ans);
//     }
// }
//
// int main() {
// #ifndef INTERACTIVE
//     std::cin.tie(0)->sync_with_stdio(0);
// #endif
//     // std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(12);
//     int t;
//     t = 1;
//     // std::cin >> t;
//     while (t--) solve();
//     return 0;
// }