//#define _GLIBCXX_DEBUG //#pragma GCC target("avx2") //#pragma GCC optimize("O3") //#pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops") #include using namespace std; #ifdef LOCAL #include #define OUT(...) debug_print::multi_print(#__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__) #else #define OUT(...) (static_cast(0)) #endif #define endl '\n' #define lfs cout<= (ll)(n); i--) namespace template_tute{ using ll = long long; using ld = long double; const ll MOD1 = 1e9+7; const ll MOD9 = 998244353; const ll INF = 1e18; using P = pair; template using PQ = priority_queue; template using QP = priority_queue,greater>; templatebool chmin(T1 &a,T2 b){if(a>b){a=b;return true;}else return false;} templatebool chmax(T1 &a,T2 b){if(a({a,b,c})-min({a,b,c});} void ans1(bool x){if(x) cout<<"Yes"<void ans(bool x,T1 y,T2 z){if(x)cout<void anss(T1 x,T2 y,T3 z){ans(x!=y,x,z);}; templatevoid debug(const T &v,ll h,ll w,string sv=" "){for(ll i=0;ivoid debug(const T &v,ll n,string sv=" "){if(n!=0)cout<void debug(const vector&v){debug(v,v.size());} templatevoid debug(const vector>&v){for(auto &vv:v)debug(vv,vv.size());} templatevoid debug(stack st){while(!st.empty()){cout<void debug(queue st){while(!st.empty()){cout<void debug(deque st){while(!st.empty()){cout<void debug(PQ st){while(!st.empty()){cout<void debug(QP st){while(!st.empty()){cout<void debug(const set&v){for(auto z:v)cout<void debug(const multiset&v){for(auto z:v)cout<void debug(const array &a){for(auto z:a)cout<void debug(const map&v){for(auto z:v)cout<<"["<vector>vec(ll x, ll y, T w){vector>v(x,vector(y,w));return v;} vectordx={1,-1,0,0,1,1,-1,-1};vectordy={0,0,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1}; templatevector make_v(size_t a,T b){return vector(a,b);} templateauto make_v(size_t a,Ts... ts){return vector(a,make_v(ts...));} templateostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const pair&p){return os << "(" << p.first << "," << p.second << ")";} templateostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const vector &v){os<<"[";for(auto &z:v)os << z << ",";os<<"]"; return os;} templatevoid rearrange(vector&ord, vector&v){ auto tmp = v; for(int i=0;ivoid rearrange(vector&ord,Head&& head, Tail&&... tail){ rearrange(ord, head); rearrange(ord, tail...); } template vector ascend(const vector&v){ vectorord(v.size());iota(ord.begin(),ord.end(),0); sort(ord.begin(),ord.end(),[&](int i,int j){return make_pair(v[i],i) vector descend(const vector&v){ vectorord(v.size());iota(ord.begin(),ord.end(),0); sort(ord.begin(),ord.end(),[&](int i,int j){return make_pair(v[i],-i)>make_pair(v[j],-j);}); return ord; } template vector inv_perm(const vector&ord){ vectorinv(ord.size()); for(int i=0;i0);return n>=0?n/div:(n-div+1)/div;} ll CEIL(ll n,ll div){assert(div>0);return n>=0?(n+div-1)/div:n/div;} ll digitsum(ll n){ll ret=0;while(n){ret+=n%10;n/=10;}return ret;} ll modulo(ll n,ll d){return (n%d+d)%d;}; templateT min(const vector&v){return *min_element(v.begin(),v.end());} templateT max(const vector&v){return *max_element(v.begin(),v.end());} templateT acc(const vector&v){return accumulate(v.begin(),v.end(),T(0));}; templateT reverse(const T &v){return T(v.rbegin(),v.rend());}; //mt19937 mt(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count()); int popcount(ll x){return __builtin_popcountll(x);}; int poplow(ll x){return __builtin_ctzll(x);}; int pophigh(ll x){return 63 - __builtin_clzll(x);}; templateT poll(queue &q){auto ret=q.front();q.pop();return ret;}; templateT poll(priority_queue &q){auto ret=q.top();q.pop();return ret;}; templateT poll(QP &q){auto ret=q.top();q.pop();return ret;}; templateT poll(stack &s){auto ret=s.top();s.pop();return ret;}; ll MULT(ll x,ll y){if(LLONG_MAX/x<=y)return LLONG_MAX;return x*y;} ll POW2(ll x, ll k){ll ret=1,mul=x;while(k){if(mul==LLONG_MAX)return LLONG_MAX;if(k&1)ret=MULT(ret,mul);mul=MULT(mul,mul);k>>=1;}return ret;} ll POW(ll x, ll k){ll ret=1;for(int i=0;isputn(d, len) != len) { dest.setstate(std::ios_base::badbit); } } return dest; } namespace converter{ int dict[500]; const string lower="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; const string upper="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"; const string digit="0123456789"; const string digit1="123456789"; void regi_str(const string &t){ for(int i=0;ito_int(const string &s,const string &t){ regi_str(t); vectorret(s.size()); for(int i=0;ito_int(const string &s){ auto t=s; sort(t.begin(),t.end()); t.erase(unique(t.begin(),t.end()),t.end()); return to_int(s,t); } vector>to_int(const vector&s,const string &t){ regi_str(t); vector>ret(s.size(),vector(s[0].size())); for(int i=0;i>to_int(const vector&s){ string t; for(int i=0;i&s,const string &t){ regi_int(t); string ret; for(auto z:s)ret+=dict[z]; return ret; } vector to_str(const vector>&s,const string &t){ regi_int(t); vectorret(s.size()); for(int i=0;i struct edge { int to; T cost; int id; edge():to(-1),id(-1){}; edge(int to, T cost = 1, int id = -1):to(to), cost(cost), id(id){} operator int() const { return to; } }; template using Graph = vector>>; template Graphrevgraph(const Graph &g){ Graphret(g.size()); for(int i=0;i Graph readGraph(int n,int m,int indexed=1,bool directed=false,bool weighted=false){ Graph ret(n); for(int es = 0; es < m; es++){ int u,v; T w=1; cin>>u>>v;u-=indexed,v-=indexed; if(weighted)cin>>w; ret[u].emplace_back(v,w,es); if(!directed)ret[v].emplace_back(u,w,es); } return ret; } template Graph readParent(int n,int indexed=1,bool directed=true){ Graphret(n); for(int i=1;i>p; p-=indexed; ret[p].emplace_back(i); if(!directed)ret[i].emplace_back(p); } return ret; } } using namespace template_tute; void solve(){ ll res=0,buf=0; bool judge = true; ll x,y,m;cin>>x>>y>>m; vector>gy(y); rep(i,0,m){ ll u,v;cin>>u>>v;u--;v--; gy[v].push_back(u); } rep(i,0,y){ sort(ALL(gy[i])); UNIQUE(gy[i]); } setst; vector>sgy(y); rrep(i,0,y){ vectorngy; for(auto z:gy[i]){ if(st.count(z))continue; ngy.push_back(z); st.insert(z); } sgy[i] = ngy; } vectorbit(x); vectorav,bv; rep(i,0,y){ ll pc=1,qc=0; for(auto z:sgy[i]){ if(bit[z]==0)pc++; else qc++; } if(pc>=qc){ bv.PB(i+1); for(auto z:gy[i]){ bit[z]^=1; } } } rep(i,0,x){ if(bit[i]==1){ av.PB(i+1); } } cout<>T; while(T--){ solve(); } return 0; }