#include #include #define rep(i,b) for(int i=0;i=0;i--) #define rep1(i,b) for(int i=1;i=x;i--) #define fore(i,a) for(auto& i:a) #define rng(x) (x).begin(), (x).end() #define rrng(x) (x).rbegin(), (x).rend() #define sz(x) ((int)(x).size()) #define pb push_back #define fi first #define se second #define pcnt __builtin_popcountll using namespace std; using namespace atcoder; using std::cout; using ll = long long; using ull = unsigned long long; using ld = long double; template using mpq = priority_queue, greater>; template bool chmax(T &a, const T &b) { if (a bool chmin(T &a, const T &b) { if (b ll sumv(const vector&a){ll res(0);for(auto&&x:a)res+=x;return res;} bool yn(bool a) { if(a) {cout << "Yes" << endl; return true;} else {cout << "No" << endl; return false;}} #define retval(x) {cout << #x << endl; return;} #define cout2(x,y) cout << x << " " << y << endl; #define coutp(p) cout << p.fi << " " << p.se << endl; #define out cout << ans << endl; #define outd cout << fixed << setprecision(20) << ans << endl; #define outm cout << ans.val() << endl; #define outv fore(yans , ans) cout << yans << "\n"; #define outmv fore(yans , ans) cout << yans.val() << "\n"; #define assertmle(x) if (!(x)) {vi v(3e8);} #define asserttle(x) if (!(x)) {while(1){}} #define coutv(v) {fore(vy , v) {cout << vy << " ";} cout << endl;} #define coutv2(v) fore(vy , v) cout << vy << "\n"; #define coutvm(v) {fore(vy , v) {cout << vy.val() << " ";} cout << endl;} #define coutvm2(v) fore(vy , v) cout << vy.val() << "\n"; using pll = pair;using pil = pair;using pli = pair;using pii = pair;using pdd = pair; using vi = vector;using vd = vector;using vl = vector;using vs = vector;using vb = vector; using vpii = vector;using vpli = vector;using vpll = vector;using vpil = vector; using vvi = vector>;using vvl = vector>;using vvs = vector>;using vvb = vector>; using vvpii = vector>;using vvpli = vector>;using vvpll = vector;using vvpil = vector; using mint = modint998244353; //using mint = modint1000000007; //using mint = dynamic_modint<0>; using vm = vector; using vvm = vector>; vector dx={1,0,-1,0,1,1,-1,-1},dy={0,1,0,-1,1,-1,1,-1}; ll gcd(ll a, ll b) { return a?gcd(b%a,a):b;} ll lcm(ll a, ll b) { return a/gcd(a,b)*b;} #define yes {cout <<"Yes"<>= 1; } if (r == 1) { flg = 0; break; } } if (flg == 1) break; ++_pr; } return _pr; }; static constexpr uint32_t mod = mint::mod(); uint32_t pr = get_pr(); static constexpr int level = __builtin_ctzll(mod - 1); mint dw[level], dy[level]; void setwy(int k) { mint w[level], y[level]; w[k - 1] = mint(pr).pow((mod - 1) / (1 << k)); y[k - 1] = w[k - 1].inv(); for (int i = k - 2; i > 0; --i) w[i] = w[i + 1] * w[i + 1], y[i] = y[i + 1] * y[i + 1]; dw[1] = w[1], dy[1] = y[1], dw[2] = w[2], dy[2] = y[2]; for (int i = 3; i < k; ++i) { dw[i] = dw[i - 1] * y[i - 2] * w[i]; dy[i] = dy[i - 1] * w[i - 2] * y[i]; } } NTT() { setwy(level); } void fft4(vector &a, int k) { if ((int)a.size() <= 1) return; if (k == 1) { mint a1 = a[1]; a[1] = a[0] - a[1]; a[0] = a[0] + a1; return; } if (k & 1) { int v = 1 << (k - 1); for (int j = 0; j < v; ++j) { mint ajv = a[j + v]; a[j + v] = a[j] - ajv; a[j] += ajv; } } int u = 1 << (2 + (k & 1)); int v = 1 << (k - 2 - (k & 1)); mint one = mint(1); mint imag = dw[1]; while (v) { // jh = 0 { int j0 = 0; int j1 = v; int j2 = j1 + v; int j3 = j2 + v; for (; j0 < v; ++j0, ++j1, ++j2, ++j3) { mint t0 = a[j0], t1 = a[j1], t2 = a[j2], t3 = a[j3]; mint t0p2 = t0 + t2, t1p3 = t1 + t3; mint t0m2 = t0 - t2, t1m3 = (t1 - t3) * imag; a[j0] = t0p2 + t1p3, a[j1] = t0p2 - t1p3; a[j2] = t0m2 + t1m3, a[j3] = t0m2 - t1m3; } } // jh >= 1 mint ww = one, xx = one * dw[2], wx = one; for (int jh = 4; jh < u;) { ww = xx * xx, wx = ww * xx; int j0 = jh * v; int je = j0 + v; int j2 = je + v; for (; j0 < je; ++j0, ++j2) { mint t0 = a[j0], t1 = a[j0 + v] * xx, t2 = a[j2] * ww, t3 = a[j2 + v] * wx; mint t0p2 = t0 + t2, t1p3 = t1 + t3; mint t0m2 = t0 - t2, t1m3 = (t1 - t3) * imag; a[j0] = t0p2 + t1p3, a[j0 + v] = t0p2 - t1p3; a[j2] = t0m2 + t1m3, a[j2 + v] = t0m2 - t1m3; } xx *= dw[__builtin_ctzll((jh += 4))]; } u <<= 2; v >>= 2; } } void ifft4(vector &a, int k) { if ((int)a.size() <= 1) return; if (k == 1) { mint a1 = a[1]; a[1] = a[0] - a[1]; a[0] = a[0] + a1; return; } int u = 1 << (k - 2); int v = 1; mint one = mint(1); mint imag = dy[1]; while (u) { // jh = 0 { int j0 = 0; int j1 = v; int j2 = v + v; int j3 = j2 + v; for (; j0 < v; ++j0, ++j1, ++j2, ++j3) { mint t0 = a[j0], t1 = a[j1], t2 = a[j2], t3 = a[j3]; mint t0p1 = t0 + t1, t2p3 = t2 + t3; mint t0m1 = t0 - t1, t2m3 = (t2 - t3) * imag; a[j0] = t0p1 + t2p3, a[j2] = t0p1 - t2p3; a[j1] = t0m1 + t2m3, a[j3] = t0m1 - t2m3; } } // jh >= 1 mint ww = one, xx = one * dy[2], yy = one; u <<= 2; for (int jh = 4; jh < u;) { ww = xx * xx, yy = xx * imag; int j0 = jh * v; int je = j0 + v; int j2 = je + v; for (; j0 < je; ++j0, ++j2) { mint t0 = a[j0], t1 = a[j0 + v], t2 = a[j2], t3 = a[j2 + v]; mint t0p1 = t0 + t1, t2p3 = t2 + t3; mint t0m1 = (t0 - t1) * xx, t2m3 = (t2 - t3) * yy; a[j0] = t0p1 + t2p3, a[j2] = (t0p1 - t2p3) * ww; a[j0 + v] = t0m1 + t2m3, a[j2 + v] = (t0m1 - t2m3) * ww; } xx *= dy[__builtin_ctzll(jh += 4)]; } u >>= 4; v <<= 2; } if (k & 1) { u = 1 << (k - 1); for (int j = 0; j < u; ++j) { mint ajv = a[j] - a[j + u]; a[j] += a[j + u]; a[j + u] = ajv; } } } void ntt(vector &a) { if ((int)a.size() <= 1) return; fft4(a, __builtin_ctz(a.size())); } void intt(vector &a) { if ((int)a.size() <= 1) return; ifft4(a, __builtin_ctz(a.size())); mint iv = mint(a.size()).inv(); for (auto &x : a) x *= iv; } vector multiply(const vector &a, const vector &b) { int l = a.size() + b.size() - 1; if (min(a.size(), b.size()) <= 40) { vector s(l); for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.size(); ++i) for (int j = 0; j < (int)b.size(); ++j) s[i + j] += a[i] * b[j]; return s; } int k = 2, M = 4; while (M < l) M <<= 1, ++k; setwy(k); vector s(M), t(M); for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.size(); ++i) s[i] = a[i]; for (int i = 0; i < (int)b.size(); ++i) t[i] = b[i]; fft4(s, k); fft4(t, k); for (int i = 0; i < M; ++i) s[i] *= t[i]; ifft4(s, k); s.resize(l); mint invm = mint(M).inv(); for (int i = 0; i < l; ++i) s[i] *= invm; return s; } void ntt_doubling(vector &a) { int M = (int)a.size(); auto b = a; intt(b); mint r = 1, zeta = mint(pr).pow((mint::mod() - 1) / (M << 1)); for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) b[i] *= r, r *= zeta; ntt(b); copy(begin(b), end(b), back_inserter(a)); } }; struct FPS : vector { using vector::vector; FPS &operator+=(const FPS &r) { if (r.size() > this->size()) this->resize(r.size()); for (int i = 0; i < (int)r.size(); i++) (*this)[i] += r[i]; return *this; } FPS &operator+=(const mint &r) { if (this->empty()) this->resize(1); (*this)[0] += r; return *this; } FPS &operator-=(const FPS &r) { if (r.size() > this->size()) this->resize(r.size()); for (int i = 0; i < (int)r.size(); i++) (*this)[i] -= r[i]; return *this; } FPS &operator-=(const mint &r) { if (this->empty()) this->resize(1); (*this)[0] -= r; return *this; } FPS &operator*=(const mint &v) { for (int k = 0; k < (int)this->size(); k++) (*this)[k] *= v; return *this; } FPS &operator/=(const FPS &r) { if (this->size() < r.size()) { this->clear(); return *this; } int n = this->size() - r.size() + 1; if ((int)r.size() <= 64) { FPS f(*this), g(r); g.shrink(); mint coeff = g.back().inv(); for (auto &x : g) x *= coeff; int deg = (int)f.size() - (int)g.size() + 1; int gs = g.size(); FPS quo(deg); for (int i = deg - 1; i >= 0; i--) { quo[i] = f[i + gs - 1]; for (int j = 0; j < gs; j++) f[i + j] -= quo[i] * g[j]; } *this = quo * coeff; this->resize(n, mint(0)); return *this; } return *this = ((*this).rev().pre(n) * r.rev().inv(n)).pre(n).rev(); } FPS &operator%=(const FPS &r) { *this -= *this / r * r; shrink(); return *this; } FPS operator+(const FPS &r) const { return FPS(*this) += r; } FPS operator+(const mint &v) const { return FPS(*this) += v; } FPS operator-(const FPS &r) const { return FPS(*this) -= r; } FPS operator-(const mint &v) const { return FPS(*this) -= v; } FPS operator*(const FPS &r) const { return FPS(*this) *= r; } FPS operator*(const mint &v) const { return FPS(*this) *= v; } FPS operator/(const FPS &r) const { return FPS(*this) /= r; } FPS operator%(const FPS &r) const { return FPS(*this) %= r; } FPS operator-() const { FPS ret(this->size()); for (int i = 0; i < (int)this->size(); i++) ret[i] = -(*this)[i]; return ret; } void shrink() { while (this->size() && this->back() == mint(0)) this->pop_back(); } FPS rev() const { FPS ret(*this); reverse(rng(ret)); return ret; } FPS dot(FPS r) const { FPS ret(min(this->size(), r.size())); for (int i = 0; i < (int)ret.size(); i++) ret[i] = (*this)[i] * r[i]; return ret; } FPS pre(int sz) const { return FPS((*this).begin(), (*this).begin() + min((int)this->size(), sz)); } FPS operator>>(int sz) const { if ((int)this->size() <= sz) return {}; FPS ret(*this); ret.erase(ret.begin(), ret.begin() + sz); return ret; } FPS operator<<(int sz) const { FPS ret(*this); ret.insert(ret.begin(), sz, mint(0)); return ret; } FPS diff() const { const int n = (int)this->size(); FPS ret(max(0, n - 1)); mint one(1), coeff(1); for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) { ret[i - 1] = (*this)[i] * coeff; coeff += one; } return ret; } FPS integral() const { const int n = (int)this->size(); FPS ret(n + 1); ret[0] = mint(0); if (n > 0) ret[1] = mint(1); auto mod = mint::mod(); for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) ret[i] = (-ret[mod % i]) * (mod / i); for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) ret[i + 1] *= (*this)[i]; return ret; } mint eval(mint x) const { mint r = 0, w = 1; for (auto &v : *this) r += w * v, w *= x; return r; } FPS log(int deg = -1) const { assert((*this)[0] == mint(1)); if (deg == -1) deg = (int)this->size(); return (this->diff() * this->inv(deg)).pre(deg - 1).integral(); } FPS pow(int64_t k, int deg = -1) const { const int n = (int)this->size(); if (deg == -1) deg = n; if (k == 0) { FPS ret(deg); if (deg) ret[0] = 1; return ret; } for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { if ((*this)[i] != mint(0)) { mint rev = mint(1) / (*this)[i]; FPS ret = (((*this * rev) >> i).log(deg) * k).exp(deg); ret *= (*this)[i].pow(k); ret = (ret << (i * k)).pre(deg); if ((int)ret.size() < deg) ret.resize(deg, mint(0)); return ret; } if (__int128_t(i + 1) * k >= deg) return FPS(deg, mint(0)); } return FPS(deg, mint(0)); } FPS &operator*=( const FPS &r) { if (this->empty() || r.empty()) { this->clear(); return *this; } set_fft(); auto ret = static_cast(ntt_ptr)->multiply(*this, r); return *this = FPS(ret.begin(), ret.end()); } FPS inv(int deg = -1) const { assert((*this)[0] != mint(0)); if (deg == -1) deg = (int)this->size(); FPS res(deg); res[0] = {mint(1) / (*this)[0]}; for (int d = 1; d < deg; d <<= 1) { FPS f(2 * d), g(2 * d); for (int j = 0; j < min((int)this->size(), 2 * d); j++) f[j] = (*this)[j]; for (int j = 0; j < d; j++) g[j] = res[j]; f.ntt(); g.ntt(); for (int j = 0; j < 2 * d; j++) f[j] *= g[j]; f.intt(); for (int j = 0; j < d; j++) f[j] = 0; f.ntt(); for (int j = 0; j < 2 * d; j++) f[j] *= g[j]; f.intt(); for (int j = d; j < min(2 * d, deg); j++) res[j] = -f[j]; } return res.pre(deg); } FPS exp(int deg) const { using fps = FPS; assert((*this).size() == 0 || (*this)[0] == mint(0)); if (deg == -1) deg = this->size(); fps inv; inv.reserve(deg + 1); inv.push_back(mint(0)); inv.push_back(mint(1)); auto inplace_integral = [&](fps &F) -> void { const int n = (int)F.size(); auto mod = mint::mod(); while ((int)inv.size() <= n) { int i = inv.size(); inv.push_back((-inv[mod % i]) * (mod / i)); } F.insert(F.begin(), mint(0)); for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) F[i] *= inv[i]; }; auto inplace_diff = [](fps &F) -> void { if (F.empty()) return; F.erase(F.begin()); mint coeff = 1, one = 1; for (int i = 0; i < (int)F.size(); i++) { F[i] *= coeff; coeff += one; } }; fps b{1, 1 < (int)this->size() ? (*this)[1] : 0}, c{1}, z1, z2{1, 1}; for (int m = 2; m < deg; m *= 2) { auto y = b; y.resize(2 * m); y.ntt(); z1 = z2; fps z(m); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) z[i] = y[i] * z1[i]; z.intt(); fill(z.begin(), z.begin() + m / 2, mint(0)); z.ntt(); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) z[i] *= -z1[i]; z.intt(); c.insert(c.end(), z.begin() + m / 2, z.end()); z2 = c; z2.resize(2 * m); z2.ntt(); fps x((*this).begin(), (*this).begin() + min(this->size(), m)); x.resize(m); inplace_diff(x); x.push_back(mint(0)); x.ntt(); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) x[i] *= y[i]; x.intt(); x -= b.diff(); x.resize(2 * m); for (int i = 0; i < m - 1; ++i) x[m + i] = x[i], x[i] = mint(0); x.ntt(); for (int i = 0; i < 2 * m; ++i) x[i] *= z2[i]; x.intt(); x.pop_back(); inplace_integral(x); for (int i = m; i < min(this->size(), 2 * m); ++i) x[i] += (*this)[i]; fill(x.begin(), x.begin() + m, mint(0)); x.ntt(); for (int i = 0; i < 2 * m; ++i) x[i] *= y[i]; x.intt(); b.insert(b.end(), x.begin() + m, x.end()); } return fps{b.begin(), b.begin() + deg}; } // 以下、ユーザは使わない static void set_fft() { if (!ntt_ptr) ntt_ptr = new NTT; } void ntt() { set_fft(); static_cast(ntt_ptr)->ntt(*this); } void intt() { set_fft(); static_cast(ntt_ptr)->intt(*this); } void ntt_doubling() { set_fft(); static_cast(ntt_ptr)->ntt_doubling(*this); } static int ntt_pr() { set_fft(); return static_cast(ntt_ptr)->pr; } static void *ntt_ptr; }; void *FPS::ntt_ptr = nullptr; // FPSライブラリ // 除算 : f/g は右式のqを返す f = g*q + r // pow(int64_t k, int deg = -1) : f^k mod x^deg // 注意 : f/g (mod n) は f * g.inv(n) struct combination { vector fact, ifact; combination(int n):fact(n+1),ifact(n+1) { fact[0] = 1; for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) fact[i] = fact[i-1]*i; ifact[n] = fact[n].inv(); for (int i = n; i >= 1; --i) ifact[i-1] = ifact[i]*i; } mint operator()(int n, int k) { if (k < 0 || k > n) return 0; return fact[n]*ifact[k]*ifact[n-k]; } } com(10000005); void solve(){ int n,m,K; cin>>n>>m>>K; vvm dp(n+1,vm(m+1)); // i個使って直近j個が埋まっている dp[0][0] = 1; rep(k,m){ vvm tmp(n+1,vm(m+1)); swap(dp, tmp); rep1(j,m+1){ FPS f(n+1); FPS g(n+1); rep(i,n+1){ f[i] = tmp[i][j-1] * com.fact[n-i]; g[i] = com.ifact[i]; } FPS fg = f*g; rep(i,n+1){ mint coef = fg[i] - f[i]; coef *= com.ifact[n-i]; dp[i][j] += coef; } } rep(i,n+1) rep(j,m+1){ { // 埋めない int ni = i; int nj = 0; int l = k-j; int r = min(k,K-1); int len = max(0, r-l+1); mint coef = mint(k+1).pow(len); dp[ni][nj] += tmp[i][j] * coef; } } show(k); showmatm(dp); } mint ans = 0; if (K>m){ mint coef = 1; repx(j,m+2,K+1) coef *= j; rep(j,m+1){ mint tmp = coef * mint(m+1).pow(j+1); ans += dp[n][j] * tmp; } }else{ rep(j,m+1){ int l = m-j; int r = K-1; int len = max(0, r-l+1); mint coef = mint(m+1).pow(len); ans += dp[n][j] * coef; } } outm; return; } int main(){ ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(0); int t = 1; //cin>>t; rep(i,t){ solve(); } return 0; }