#include <iostream>
#include <cstdint>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
	cin.tie(nullptr);
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	
	uint32_t T, i;
	cin >> T;
	vector<pair<uint64_t, uint16_t>> query(T);
	for (i = 0; i != T; ++i) cin >> query[i].first >> query[i].second;

	for (i = 0; i != T; ++i)
	{
		for (; (query[i].first >> query[i].second) & 1; ++query[i].second);
		cout << (UINT64_C(1) << query[i].second) - 1 << '\n';
	}

	return 0;
}