#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using ll=long long;
const ll ILL=2167167167167167167;
const int INF=2100000000;
#define rep(i,a,b) for (int i=(int)(a);i<(int)(b);i++)
#define all(p) p.begin(),p.end()
template<class T> using _pq = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;
template<class T> int LB(vector<T> &v,T a){return lower_bound(v.begin(),v.end(),a)-v.begin();}
template<class T> int UB(vector<T> &v,T a){return upper_bound(v.begin(),v.end(),a)-v.begin();}
template<class T> bool chmin(T &a,T b){if(b<a){a=b;return 1;}else return 0;}
template<class T> bool chmax(T &a,T b){if(a<b){a=b;return 1;}else return 0;}
template<class T> void So(vector<T> &v) {sort(v.begin(),v.end());}
template<class T> void Sore(vector<T> &v) {sort(v.begin(),v.end(),[](T x,T y){return x>y;});}
bool yneos(bool a,bool upp=false){if(a){cout<<(upp?"YES\n":"Yes\n");}else{cout<<(upp?"NO\n":"No\n");}return a;}
template<class T> void vec_out(vector<T> &p,int ty=0){
    if(ty==2){cout<<'{';for(int i=0;i<(int)p.size();i++){if(i){cout<<",";}cout<<'"'<<p[i]<<'"';}cout<<"}\n";}
    else{if(ty==1){cout<<p.size()<<"\n";}for(int i=0;i<(int)(p.size());i++){if(i) cout<<" ";cout<<p[i];}cout<<"\n";}}
template<class T> T vec_min(vector<T> &a){assert(!a.empty());T ans=a[0];for(auto &x:a) chmin(ans,x);return ans;}
template<class T> T vec_max(vector<T> &a){assert(!a.empty());T ans=a[0];for(auto &x:a) chmax(ans,x);return ans;}
template<class T> T vec_sum(vector<T> &a){T ans=T(0);for(auto &x:a) ans+=x;return ans;}
int pop_count(long long a){int res=0;while(a){res+=(a&1),a>>=1;}return res;}
template<class T> T square(T a){return a * a;}

#include <atcoder/modint>
using mint = atcoder::modint998244353;

void solve();
// CITRUS CURIO CITY / FREDERIC
int main() {
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(nullptr);

    int t = 1;
    cin >> t;
    rep(i, 0, t) solve();
}

void solve(){
    ll N, A;
    cin >> N >> A;
    mint inv2 = ((mint)2).inv();
    if (A == 1){
        cout << ((mint)(N - 1) * (mint)(N) * inv2).val() << "\n";
        return;
    }
    mint ans = 0;
    mint tmp = 0;
    while (N){
        ll rem = N % A;
        ll nx = N / A;
        ans += (mint)(N - nx) * (mint)(tmp + tmp + (N - nx) - 1) * inv2;
        tmp += rem + 1;
        N = nx;
        // cout << N << " " << ans.val() << " " << tmp.val() << "\n";
    }
    cout << ans.val() << "\n";
}