## https://yukicoder.me/problems/no/1206

MOD = 998244353

def solve(N, K):
    ans0 = pow(2, N * K, MOD)
    ans0 *= N
    ans0 %= MOD

    ans1 = pow(2, (N - 1) * K, MOD)
    ans1 *= N
    ans1 %= MOD
    
    return (ans0 - ans1) % MOD



def main():
    T = int(input())
    answers = []
    for _ in range(T):
        N, K = map(int, input().split())
        ans = solve(N, K)
        answers.append(ans)
    
    for ans in answers:
        print(ans)



if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()