# https://yukicoder.me/problems/no/1553 from collections import deque def scc(N, next_nodes): """ 有向グラフにおける強連結成分分解 """ # 深さ優先探索をしてラベリング stack = deque() labeling = [-1] * N v_list = [] parents = [-2] * N v_index = 0 for s_i in range(N): if parents[s_i] == -2: parents[s_i] = -1 stack.append((s_i, 0)) while len(stack) > 0: v, index = stack.pop() while index < len(next_nodes[v]): w = next_nodes[v][index] if w == parents[v]: index += 1 continue if parents[w] != -2: index += 1 continue parents[w] = v stack.append((v, index + 1)) stack.append((w, 0)) break if len(next_nodes[v]) == index: labeling[v] = v_index v_list.append(v) v_index + 1 # 逆グラフの生成 reversed_nodes = [[] for _ in range(N)] for i in range(N): for w in next_nodes[i]: reversed_nodes[w].append(i) scc_label = [-1] * N scc_index = 0 for s_v in reversed(v_list): if scc_label[s_v] == -1: queue = deque() queue.append(s_v) scc_label[s_v] = scc_index while len(queue) > 0: v = queue.popleft() for w in reversed_nodes[v]: if scc_label[w] == -1: scc_label[w] = scc_index queue.append(w) scc_index += 1 return scc_label class UnionFind: """ UnionFindの基本的な処理を実装したクラス """ def __init__(self, size): self.root = [i for i in range(size)] self.size = [1] * size def get_root(self, v): if v == self.root[v]: return v else: old_root = self.root[v] new_root = self.get_root(old_root) self.root[v] = new_root return new_root def merge(self, u, v): root_u = self.get_root(u) root_v = self.get_root(v) if root_u == root_v: return False if self.size[root_u] >= self.size[root_v]: self.size[root_u] += self.size[root_v] self.root[root_v] = root_u self.root[v] = root_u else: self.size[root_v] += self.size[root_u] self.root[root_u] = root_v self.root[u] = root_v return True def main(): N, M = map(int, input().split()) next_nodes = [[ ] for _ in range(N)] edges = [] for _ in range(M): u, v = map(int, input().split()) next_nodes[u - 1].append(v - 1) edges.append((u - 1, v - 1)) scc_labels = scc(N, next_nodes) scc_num = max(scc_labels) + 1 # まず連結成分同士で行き来できないといけないのでそれを足す scc_map = {} for i in range(N): scc_i = scc_labels[i] if scc_i not in scc_map: scc_map[scc_i] = [] scc_map[scc_i].append(i) answer = [] for nodes in scc_map.values(): if len(nodes) <= 1: continue for i in range(len(nodes)): v = nodes[i] w = nodes[(i + 1) % len(nodes)] answer.append((v, w)) # 連結成分ごとに分解 uf = UnionFind(scc_num) for u, v in edges: scc_u = scc_labels[u] scc_v = scc_labels[v] uf.merge(scc_u, scc_v) ri_map = {} for u in range(scc_num): r_i = uf.get_root(u) if r_i not in ri_map: ri_map[r_i] = [] ri_map[r_i].append(u) scc_edges = set() for u, v in edges: scc_u = scc_labels[u] scc_v = scc_labels[v] if scc_u != scc_v: scc_edges.add((scc_u, scc_v)) scc_next_nodes = [[] for _ in range(scc_num)] in_degree = [0] * scc_num for u, v in scc_edges: scc_next_nodes[u].append(v) in_degree[v] += 1 queue = deque() for scc_nodes in ri_map.values(): for n in scc_nodes: if in_degree[n] == 0: queue.append(n) array = [] while len(queue) > 0: v = queue.popleft() array.append(v) for w in scc_next_nodes[v]: in_degree[w] -= 1 if in_degree[w] == 0: queue.append(w) for i in range(len(array) - 1): v1 = array[i] v2 = array[i + 1] n1 = scc_map[v1][0] n2 = scc_map[v2][0] answer.append((n1, n2)) print(len(answer)) for u, v in answer: print(u + 1, v + 1) if __name__ == "__main__": main()