#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#pragma GCC target("avx")
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
#pragma GCC optimize("no-stack-protector")
using namespace std;
namespace FastIO{
#ifdef ONLINE_JUDGE
	char IN[(1<<20)],(*inS)=IN,(*inT)=IN;
	#define getchar() (inS==inT&&(inT=(inS=IN)+fread(IN,1,1<<20,stdin),inS==inT)?EOF:(*(inS++)))
	char OUT[(1<<20)],(*outS)=OUT;
	#define putchar(x) (outS-OUT==(1<<20)?fwrite(OUT,1,(1<<20),stdout),outS=OUT,0:0,(*(outS++))=x)
	struct Writer{ ~Writer(){ fwrite(OUT,1,outS-OUT,stdout); } }writer;
#endif
	template <typename type> inline void read(type &num){
		type base; char ch=0; num=0;
		for(;ch<'0'||ch>'9';ch=getchar()) base=(ch=='-')?-1:1;
		for(;'0'<=ch&&ch<='9';ch=getchar()) num=num*10+(ch^48);
		num=num*base;
	}
	template <typename type> inline void write(type num){
		if(num<0) num=(-num),putchar('-');
		int top=0,stk[35];
		do stk[top++]=num%10,num/=10; while(num);
		while(top) putchar((stk[--top]^48));
	}

	template <typename type,typename... Args> inline void read(type &x,Args&... args){ read(x),read(args...); }
	template <typename type,typename... Args> inline void write(type x,Args... args){ write(x,' '),write(args...); }
}
using namespace FastIO;
const int N=200010,M=998244353,B=350,S=200000/B+1;
int T,n,m,fac[N],inv[N],pw[N],csum[S][N];
int comb(int sum1,int sum2){
	if(sum1<sum2) return 0;
	return 1ll*fac[sum1]*inv[sum2]%M*inv[sum1-sum2]%M;
}
int solve(int sum1,int sum2){
	int res=0,mul=1;
	while(true){
		if(sum2<0||sum1<sum2) break;
		if(sum1%B==0){ (res+=1ll*csum[sum1/B][sum2]*mul%M)%=M; break; }
		(res+=1ll*mul*comb(sum1-1,sum2)%M)%=M,(mul*=2)%=M,sum1--,sum2--;
	}
	return res;
}
void work(){
	read(n,m);
	write(1ll*(pw[n]-1+M)%M*solve(n-1,m-1)%M),putchar('\n');
}
int main(){
	fac[0]=fac[1]=inv[0]=inv[1]=pw[0]=1,pw[1]=2;
	for(int i=2;i<=200000;i++){
		pw[i]=1ll*pw[i-1]*2%M;
		fac[i]=1ll*fac[i-1]*i%M;
		inv[i]=1ll*inv[M%i]*(M-M/i)%M;
	}
	for(int i=2;i<=200000;i++)
		inv[i]=1ll*inv[i-1]*inv[i]%M;
	for(int i=0;i<=200000/B;i++)
		for(int j=0;j<=i*B;j++)
			csum[i][j]=(csum[i][j-1]+comb(i*B,j))%M;
	for(read(T);T;T--) work();
}