#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

using ull = unsigned long long;

ull calc(ull r, ull c) {
    for (int i = (int) c + 1; i < bit_width(r); i++) {
        if (((r >> i) & 1) == 0) {
            ull nr = r & ~((1LL << i) - 1) | (1LL << i);
            ull nc = i;
            return max(nr - r, nc - c) + calc(nr, nc);
        }
    }
    return r - 1;
}

void solve() {
    ull R, C;
    cin >> R >> C;

    cout << calc(R, C - 1) << "\n";
}

int main() {
    cin.tie(nullptr);
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);

    int T;
    cin >> T;

    while (T--) solve();
}