def calc(r, c):
    d = r.bit_length()
    for i in range(c, d):
        if r >> i & 1 == 0:
            nr = ((r >> i) << i) + (1 << i)
            return calc(nr, i) + max(i - c, nr - r)
    else:
        return r - 1

t = int(input())
for _ in range(t):
    r, c = map(int, input().split())
    print(calc(r, c-1))