#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

#define all(v) (v).begin(),(v).end()
#define pb emplace_back
#define rep(i, n) for(int i=0;i<(n);i++)
#define foa(e, v) for(auto& e : v)
#define dout(a) cout<<fixed<<setprecision(10)<<a<<'\n';
#define Cout(a) cout<<a<<'\n';

using ll = long long;
using ld = long double;
using Int = __int128;
template <class T> using pqr = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;

template <typename T1, typename T2> inline bool chmax(T1 &a, T2 b) {
    bool compare = a < b;
    if(compare) a = b;
    return compare;
}
template <typename T1, typename T2> inline bool chmin(T1 &a, T2 b) {
    bool compare = a > b;
    if(compare) a = b;
    return compare;
}
template <typename T> inline T back(std::set<T> &s) {
    return *s.rbegin();
}
template <typename T> inline T back(std::multiset<T> &s) {
    return *s.rbegin();
}
template <typename T> inline T pop_back(std::set<T> &s) {
    auto it = prev(s.end());
    T val = *it;
    s.erase(it); 
    return val;
}
template <typename T> inline T pop_back(std::multiset<T> &s) {
    auto it = prev(s.end());
    T val = *it;
    s.erase(it); 
    return val;
}

const int dy[8] = {-1, 0, 0, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1};
const int dx[8] = {0, -1, 1, 0, -1, -1, 1, 1};

const ll MOD7 = 1000000007, MOD998 = 998244353, INF = (3LL << 59);
const int inf = 1 << 30;
const char br = '\n';

long long modinv(long long a, long long MOD) {
    long long b = MOD, u = 1, v = 0;
    while (b) {
        long long t = a / b;
        a -= t * b; std::swap(a, b);
        u -= t * v; std::swap(u, v);
    }
    u %= MOD; 
    if (u < 0) u += MOD;
    return u;
}


void solve() {
    ll p; cin >> p;
    ll a = p - 1;
    ll sum = a;
    for(ll i = p - 1; i >= 1; i --) {
        a *= i;
        a %= p;
        sum += a;
        if(sum >= p) sum -= p;
    }
    cout << sum << endl;
}

int main() {
    cin.tie(0);
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);

    int testcase = 1; 
    // cin >> testcase;
    while(testcase --) solve();

    return 0;
}