#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define rep(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < (n); ++i)
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;

int main() {
  cin.tie(nullptr)->sync_with_stdio(false);
  ll p;
  cin >> p;
  ll cur = p - 1, ans = p - 1;
  for (int i = p - 1; i > 0; --i) {
    cur = cur * i % p;
    ans = (ans + cur) % p;
  }
  ans %= p;
  cout << ans << '\n';
  return 0;
}