using System;
using static System.Console;
using System.Linq;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.Intrinsics.X86;

class Program
{
    static int NN => int.Parse(ReadLine());
    static long[] NList => ReadLine().Split().Select(long.Parse).ToArray();
    public static void Main()
    {
        Solve();
    }
    static void Solve()
    {
        var t = NN;
        var ans = new long[t];
        for (var u = 0; u < t; ++u)
        {
            var c = NList;
            ans[u] = Move(c[0], c[1]);
        }
        WriteLine(string.Join("\n", ans));
    }
    static long Move(long m, long d)
    {
        --d;
        var b = new int[62];
        var end = 0;
        for (var i = 0; i < b.Length; ++i)
        {
            b[i] = (int)((m >> i) & 1);
            if (b[i] == 1) end = i;
        }
        var ans = 0L;
        for (var i = end - 1; i > d; --i)
        {
            if (b[i] == 0)
            {
                var cur = (int[])b.Clone();
                var pos = (int)d;
                while (pos < i)
                {
                    if (cur[pos + 1] == 1)
                    {
                        var next = Next(cur);
                        if (next[pos + 1] == 1)
                        {
                            ++pos;
                            ++ans;
                            cur = next;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            ++pos;
                            ++ans;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        var next = NextOne(pos + 1, cur);
                        ++pos;
                        ans += Num(next) - Num(cur);
                        cur = next;
                    }
                }
                return ans + Num(cur) - 1;
            }
        }
        return Num(b) - 1;
    }
    static int[] Next(int[] org)
    {
        var next = (int[])org.Clone();
        for (var i = 0; i < next.Length; ++i)
        {
            if (next[i] == 0)
            {
                next[i] = 1;
                break;
            }
            else next[i] = 0;
        }
        return next;
    }
    static int[] NextOne(int d, int[] org)
    {
        var next = Next(org);
        if (next[d] == 1) return next;
        for (var i = 0; i < d; ++i) next[i] = 0;
        next[d] = 1;
        return next;
    }
    static bool Equals(int[] a, int[] b)
    {
        for (var i = 0; i < a.Length; ++i)
        {
            if (a[i] != b[i]) return false;
        }
        return true;
    }
    static long Num(int[] a)
    {
        var ans = 0L;
        for (var i = a.Length - 1; i >= 0; --i) ans = ans * 2 + a[i];
        return ans;
    }
}