#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;

int main(){
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0);
    int T;
    cin >> T;
    while(T--){
        ll y, x;
        cin >> y >> x;
        x--;
        ll msb = __lg(y), ans = 0, c = x;
        while(y >> (c + 1) & 1) c++;
        if(c == msb){
            cout << y - 1 << '\n';
            continue;
        }
        ll v = 1ll << msb;
        ll bt;
        for(ll i = msb - 1; i >= 0; i--){
            v |= 1ll << i;
            bt = i;
            if(v >= y) break;
        }
        while(x < c && y < v){
            if(~y >> (x + 1) & 1) break;
            if((y + 1) >> (x + 1) & 1){
                y++;
            }
            x++;
            ans++;
        }
        ans += v - 1;
        ans += v - y;
        cout << ans << '\n';
    }
}