#include<iostream>
#include<cassert>
using namespace std;
long solve(long l,long r,int k)
{
	long ret=0;
	for(;--k>=0;)
	{
		if(l<=r)break;
		const long mid=1LL<<k;
		assert(0<=r&&r<l&&l<mid*2);
		if(r<mid)
		{
			if(mid<=l)
			{
				ret+=mid;
				l-=mid;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			l-=mid;
			r-=mid;
		}
	}
	return ret;
	long msk=(1LL<<k)-1;
	//long ret=1e18;
	for(long a=l;a<=msk;a++)for(long b=0;b<=r;b++)ret=min(ret,a^b);
	return ret;
}
int main()
{
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	cin.tie(nullptr);
	int T;cin>>T;
	for(;T--;)
	{
		long N,M;cin>>N>>M;
		long L=M,R=M+N-1;
		long cnt=0;
		long ans=0;
		for(int k=31;k>=0;k--)
		{
			long l=L>>k,r=R>>k;
			if(l<r)
			{
				if(cnt==0)
				{
					assert(l+1==r);
					const long msk=(1LL<<k)-1;
					ans+=solve(L&msk,R&msk,k);
				}
				ans+=(1LL<<k)*(r-l-cnt);
				cnt=r-l;
			}
		}
		cout<<ans<<"\n";
	}
}