#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#include<atcoder/all>
#define rep(i,n) for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
using namespace std;
using namespace atcoder;
typedef long long ll;
typedef pair<int, int> P;

template <int m> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const static_modint<m>& a) {os << a.val(); return os;}
template <int m> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const dynamic_modint<m>& a) {os << a.val(); return os;}
template <int m> istream& operator>>(istream& is, static_modint<m>& a) {long long x; is >> x; a = x; return is;}
template <int m> istream& operator>>(istream& is, dynamic_modint<m>& a) {long long x; is >> x; a = x; return is;}
template<typename T> istream& operator>>(istream& is, vector<T>& v){int n = v.size(); assert(n > 0); rep(i, n) is >> v[i]; return is;}
template<typename U, typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const pair<U, T>& p){os << p.first << ' ' << p.second; return os;}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const vector<T>& v){int n = v.size(); rep(i, n) os << v[i] << (i == n - 1 ? "\n" : " "); return os;}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const vector<vector<T>>& v){int n = v.size(); rep(i, n) os << v[i] << (i == n - 1 ? "\n" : ""); return os;}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const set<T>& se){for(T x : se) os << x << " "; os << "\n"; return os;}
template<typename T> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const unordered_set<T>& se){for(T x : se) os << x << " "; os << "\n"; return os;}
template<typename S, auto op, auto e> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const atcoder::segtree<S, op, e>& seg){int n = seg.max_right(0, [](S){return true;}); rep(i, n) os << seg.get(i) << (i == n - 1 ? "\n" : " "); return os;}
template<typename S, auto op, auto e, typename F, auto mapping, auto composition, auto id> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const atcoder::lazy_segtree<S, op, e, F, mapping, composition, id>& seg){int n = seg.max_right(0, [](S){return true;}); rep(i, n) os << seg.get(i) << (i == n - 1 ? "\n" : " "); return os;}

template<typename T> void chmin(T& a, T b){a = min(a, b);}
template<typename T> void chmax(T& a, T b){a = max(a, b);}

using mint = modint998244353;
int main(){
	int n, m, l;
	cin >> n >> m >> l;
	vector<mint> f(1 << l);
	f[0] = 1;
	vector<vector<int>> cnt(m, vector<int>(l));
	rep(i, n){
		int a, b;
		cin >> a >> b;
		a--; b--;
		cnt[a][b - m]++;
	}
	mint ans = 0;
	rep(bits, 1 << m){
		mint tmp = 1;
		int fyx = 0;
		rep(j, l){
			int u = 0, d = 0;
			rep(i, m){
				if((bits >> i) & 1){
					u += cnt[i][j];
					fyx += cnt[i][j];
				}
				d += cnt[i][j];
			}
			tmp *= (mint)1 - mint(2).pow(u) / mint(2).pow(d);
		}
		ans += mint(-1).pow(__builtin_popcount(bits)) * mint(2).pow(n - fyx) * tmp;
	}
	cout << ans << "\n";
	return 0;
}