#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <atcoder/modint.hpp>
using namespace std;

using i32 = int;
using i64 = long long;
using i128 = __int128_t;
using f64 = double;
using p2 = pair<i64, i64>;
using p3 = tuple<i64, i64, i64>;
using mint = atcoder::modint998244353;

void _main();
int main() {
  cin.tie(0);
  ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cout << fixed << setprecision(18);
  _main();
}

void _main() {
  i64 n, m, l;
  cin >> n >> m >> l;
  vector<mint> two(n + 1, 1);
  for (i64 i = 1; i <= n; i++) two[i] = two[i - 1] * 2;
  vector<vector<i64>> cnt(m, vector<i64>(l, 0));
  for (i64 i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    i64 a, b;
    cin >> a >> b;
    a--, b -= m + 1;
    cnt[a][b]++;
  }
  vector<mint> dp(1 << l, 0);
  dp[0] = 1;
  for (i64 i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    vector<mint> ndp(1 << l, 0);
    for (i64 j = 0; j < l; j++) {
      for (i64 k = (1 << l) - 1; k >= 0; k--) {
        ndp[k | (1 << j)] += ndp[k] * (two[cnt[i][j]] - 1);
        ndp[k | (1 << j)] += dp[k] * (two[cnt[i][j]] - 1);
      }
    }
    swap(dp, ndp);
  }
  cout << dp[(1 << l) - 1].val() << "\n";
}