#include<bits/stdc++.h>
namespace {
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-function"
#include<atcoder/all>
#pragma GCC diagnostic warning "-Wunused-function"
using namespace std;
using namespace atcoder;
#define rep(i,n) for(int i = 0; i < (int)(n); i++)
#define rrep(i,n) for(int i = (int)(n) - 1; i >= 0; i--)
#define all(x) begin(x), end(x)
#define rall(x) rbegin(x), rend(x)
template<class T> bool chmax(T& a, const T& b) { if (a < b) { a = b; return true; } else return false; }
template<class T> bool chmin(T& a, const T& b) { if (b < a) { a = b; return true; } else return false; }
using ll = long long;
using P = pair<int,int>;
using VI = vector<int>;
using VVI = vector<VI>;
using VL = vector<ll>;
using VVL = vector<VL>;
using mint = modint998244353;

} int main() {
  ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cin.tie(0);
  int n, m, l;
  cin >> n >> m >> l;
  int g[18][18];
  rep(_, n) {
    int a, b;
    cin >> a >> b;
    a--;
    b -= m + 1;
    g[a][b]++;
  }
  vector<array<mint, 2>> dp(1 << l), ndp;
  dp[0][0] = 1;
  rep(i, m) {
    rep(j, l) {
      mint use = mint(2).pow(g[i][j]) - 1;
      ndp.assign(1 << l, array<mint, 2>{});
      rep(s, 1 << l) {
        ndp[s | (1 << j)][1] += (dp[s][0] + dp[s][1]) * use;
        ndp[s][0] += dp[s][0];
        ndp[s][1] += dp[s][1];
      }
      swap(dp, ndp);
    }
    rep(s, 1 << l) dp[s][0] = dp[s][1], dp[s][1] = 0;
  }
  mint ans = dp.back()[0];
  cout << ans.val() << '\n';
}