import sys
input = sys.stdin.readline

mod=998244353

POW2=[1]
for i in range(10**6):
    POW2.append(POW2[-1]*2%mod)

N,M,L=list(map(int,input().split()))
S=[[0]*L for i in range(M)]

for i in range(N):
    a,b=list(map(int,input().split()))
    a-=1
    b-=1
    b-=M
    S[a][b]+=1

DP=[1]*(1<<L)
DP[0]=0

for i in range(M):
    X=S[i]

    Y=[0]*(1<<L)

    for j in range(len(X)):
        Y[1<<j]=X[j]

    for j in range(L):
        for k in range(1<<L):
            if k & (1<<j) == 0:
                Y[k|(1<<j)]+=Y[k]
    for j in range(1<<L):
        Y[j]=POW2[Y[j]]-1

    for j in range(1<<L):
        DP[j]=DP[j]*Y[j]%mod

    #print(DP)

for j in range(L):
    for k in range(1<<L):
        if k & (1<<j) == 0:
            DP[k|(1<<j)]-=DP[k]

print(DP[-1]%mod)