#include using namespace std; using ll=long long; using ull=unsigned long long; using P=pair; templateusing minque=priority_queue,greater>; templatebool chmax(T &a,const T &b){return (abool chmin(T &a,const T &b){return (a>b?(a=b,true):false);} templateistream &operator>>(istream &is,pair&p){is>>p.first>>p.second;return is;} templateistream &operator>>(istream &is,tuple&a){is>>std::get<0>(a)>>std::get<1>(a)>>std::get<2>(a);return is;} templateistream &operator>>(istream &is,array&a){for(auto&i:a)is>>i;return is;} templateistream &operator>>(istream &is,vector &a){for(auto &i:a)is>>i;return is;} templatevoid operator++(pair&a,int n){a.first++,a.second++;} templatevoid operator--(pair&a,int n){a.first--,a.second--;} templatevoid operator++(vector&a,int n){for(auto &i:a)i++;} templatevoid operator--(vector&a,int n){for(auto &i:a)i--;} #define overload3(_1,_2,_3,name,...) name #define rep1(i,n) for(int i=0;i<(int)(n);i++) #define rep2(i,l,r) for(int i=(int)(l);i<(int)(r);i++) #define rep(...) overload3(__VA_ARGS__,rep2,rep1)(__VA_ARGS__) #define reps(i,l,r) rep2(i,l,r) #define all(x) x.begin(),x.end() #define pcnt(x) __builtin_popcountll(x) #define fin(x) return cout<<(x)<<'\n',static_cast(0) #define yn(x) cout<<((x)?"Yes\n":"No\n") #define uniq(x) sort(all(x)),x.erase(unique(all(x)),x.end()) template inline int fkey(vector&z,T key){return lower_bound(z.begin(),z.end(),key)-z.begin();} ll myceil(ll a,ll b){return (a+b-1)/b;} template auto vec(const int (&d)[n],const T &init=T()){ if constexpr (id(d,init)); else return init; } #ifdef LOCAL #include #define SWITCH(a,b) (a) #else #define debug(...) static_cast(0) #define debugg(...) static_cast(0) #define SWITCH(a,b) (b) templateostream &operator<<(ostream &os,const pair&p){os<>testcase; for(int i=0;i template constexpr std::enable_if_t<(std::numeric_limits::digits<=32),T>pow_mod(T a,T n,T mod){ using u64=unsigned long long; u64 res=1; while(n>0){ if(n&1)res=((u64)res*a)%mod; a=((u64)a*a)%mod; n>>=1; } return T(res); } template constexpr std::enable_if_t<(std::numeric_limits::digits>32),T>pow_mod(T a,T n,T mod){ using u128=__uint128_t; u128 res=1; while(n>0){ if(n&1)res=((u128)res*a)%mod; a=((u128)a*a)%mod; n>>=1; } return T(res); } constexpr int primitive_root_constexpr(int x){ if(x==167772161)return 3; if(x==469762049)return 3; if(x==754974721)return 11; if(x==880803841)return 26; if(x==998244353)return 3; if(x==2)return 1; int x2=x; int p[20]={}; int c=0; x--; for(int i=2;i*i<=x;i++){ if(x%i==0){ p[c++]=i; while(x%i==0)x/=i; } } if(x!=1)p[c++]=x; x=x2; for(int g=2;;g++){ bool ok=true; for(int i=0;i template constexpr std::enable_if_t::digits<=32,int>msb(T n){return n==0?-1:31-__builtin_clz(n);} template constexpr std::enable_if_t<(std::numeric_limits::digits>32),int>msb(T n){return n==0?-1:63-__builtin_clzll(n);} template constexpr std::enable_if_t::digits<=32,int>lsb(T n){return n==0?-1:__builtin_ctz(n);} template constexpr std::enable_if_t<(std::numeric_limits::digits>32),int>lsb(T n){return n==0?-1:__builtin_ctzll(n);} template constexpr std::enable_if_t,T>floor_pow2(T n){return n==0?0:T(1)< constexpr std::enable_if_t,T>ceil_pow2(T n){return n<=1?1:T(1)<<(msb(n-1)+1);} template constexpr T safe_div(T a,T b){return a/b-(a%b&&(a^b)<0);} template constexpr T safe_ceil(T a,T b){return a/b+(a%b&&(a^b)>0);} template struct ntt_root{ static constexpr int rank2=lsb(m-1); static constexpr int g=primitive_root_constexpr(m); std::arrayroot,invroot; std::arrayrate2,invrate2; std::arrayrate3,invrate3; constexpr ntt_root(){ root[rank2]=pow_mod(g,m>>rank2,m); invroot[rank2]=pow_mod(root[rank2],m-2,m); for(int i=rank2-1;i>=0;i--){ root[i]=(long long)root[i+1]*root[i+1]%m; invroot[i]=(long long)invroot[i+1]*invroot[i+1]%m; } int prod=1,invprod=1; for(int i=0;i void dft(std::vector&a){ #ifdef NTT_SIMD if((int)a.size()>=32){ dft_simd(a); return; } #endif static constexpr ntt_rootr; static constexpr unsigned long long mod2=(unsigned long long)T::mod()*T::mod(); int n=a.size(); int h=lsb(n); int len=0; while(len void idft(std::vector&a){ #ifdef NTT_SIMD if((int)a.size()>=32){ idft_simd(a); return; } #endif static constexpr ntt_rootr; int n=a.size(); int h=lsb(n); int len=h; while(len){ if(len==1){ int p=1<<(h-1); for(int i=0;i std::vectorntt_convolution(std::vector a,std::vector b){ int n=a.size(),m=b.size(),s=n+m-1; if(std::min(n,m)<60){ if(n==0||m==0)return {}; std::vectorret(s,0); if(nc(z); for(int i=0;i void ntt_doubling(std::vector&a){ static constexpr ntt_rootr; int n=a.size()/2; std::vectorb(a.begin(),a.begin()+n); idft(b); T now=T::raw(n).inv(),zeta=T::raw(r.root[msb(n)+1]); for(int i=0;i std::vector fps_inv(const std::vector &a,int deg=-1){ int n=a.size(); if(deg==-1)deg=n; const T zero=T::raw(0); assert(a[0]!=zero); std::vector ret(ceil_pow2(deg)); ret[0]=a[0].inv(); for(int m=1;m f(a.begin(),a.begin()+std::min(n,m*2)); if(f.size() g(ret); f.resize(m*2); dft(f); g.resize(m*2); dft(g); for(int i=0;i T bostan_mori(std::vector p,std::vector q,long long k){ static constexpr ntt_rootr; int n=ceil_pow2((int)std::max(p.size()+1,q.size())*2-1); p.resize(n,T::raw(0)); q.resize(n,T::raw(0)); dft(p),dft(q); T inv2=T::raw(2).inv(); int n2=n/2; while(k>=n){ for(int i=0;i>=1; } idft(p),idft(q); q=fps_inv(q,k+1); T res=T(); for(int i=0;i<=k;i++)res+=p[i]*q[k-i]; return res; } template std::vector berlekamp_massey(const std::vector&s){ const int n=s.size(); std::vectorb,c; b.reserve(n+1),c.reserve(n+1); b.emplace_back(1),c.emplace_back(1); T y=1; for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){ int l=c.size(),m=b.size(); T x=0; for(int j=0;j std::vectorreeds_sloane(const std::vectora,std::pairpe){ int n=a.size(); std::vector>Q(pe.second),B(pe.second); std::vectornb(pe.second,-1); std::vectortb(pe.second); T powp=1; for(int j=0;j>tu(pe.second); for(int j=0;j>nQ(Q); for(int j=0;jnQ[j].size())nQ[j].resize(i+B[k].size()-nb[k]); for(int l=0;l<(int)B[k].size();l++)nQ[j][i+l-nb[k]]-=c*B[k][l]; } } for(int j=0;jb)a=(a-b)>>lsb(a-b); else b=(b-a)>>lsb(b-a); } return a<<(n bool isprime(unsigned long long n){ using u64=unsigned long long; if(n<=1)return false; if(n%2==0)return n==2; u64 d=n-1; int s=0; while(!(d&1))d>>=1,s++; int q=63; while(!(d>>q))q--; u64 r=n; for(int i=0;i<5;i++)r*=2-r*n; auto redc=[&r,&n](__uint128_t x)->u64 { x=(x+__uint128_t(u64(x)*-r)*n)>>64; return x>=n?x-n:x; }; __uint128_t r2=-__uint128_t(n)%n; u64 one=redc(r2); for(u64 base:{2,325,9375,28178,450775,9780504,1795265022}){ if(base%n==0)continue; u64 a=base=redc((base%n)*r2); for(int i=q-1;i>=0;i--){ a=redc(__uint128_t(a)*a); if(d>>i&1)a=redc(__uint128_t(a)*base); } if(a==one)continue; for(int i=1;a!=n-one;i++){ if(i>=s)return false; a=redc(__uint128_t(a)*a); } } return true; } template std::vector>factorize(T n)noexcept{ std::vectorfs; auto div=[](unsigned long long x)noexcept->unsigned long long { unsigned long long r=x; for(int i=0;i<5;i++)r*=2-r*x; unsigned long long r2=-__uint128_t(x)%x; auto redc=[&r,&x](__uint128_t t)->unsigned long long { t=(t+__uint128_t((unsigned long long)t*-r)*x)>>64; return t>=x?t-x:t; }; unsigned long long a=0,b=0; const unsigned long long one=redc(r2); unsigned long long e=one; int m=1ll<<((63-__builtin_clzll(x))>>3); while(true){ unsigned long long ca=a,cb=b; unsigned long long sk=one; for(int i=0;id?c-d:d-c)); } unsigned long long g=binary_gcd(redc(sk),x); if(g>1){ if(gd?c-d:d-c,x); if(cg>1){ if(cg>=1; fs.push_back(2); } if(n>1)st[p++]=n; while(p){ unsigned long long now=st[--p]; if(isprime(now)){ fs.push_back(now); continue; } unsigned long long d=div(now); st[p++]=d; now/=d; if(now!=1)st[p++]=now; } std::sort(fs.begin(),fs.end()); std::vector>res; for(int i=0;i<(int)fs.size();){ int j=i; while(j<(int)fs.size()&&fs[i]==fs[j])j++; res.emplace_back(fs[i],j-i); i=j; } return res; } template struct CRT{ std::vector>f; std::vectorpe; std::vectorinvs; using T2=std::conditional_t<(std::numeric_limits::digits<=32),int64_t,__int128_t>; CRT(){} CRT(T n):f(factorize(n)){ pe.resize(f.size()); for(int i=0;i<(int)f.size();i++){ pe[i]=1; for(int j=0;jv){ assert(v.size()==pe.size()); T res=0,prod=1; for(int i=0;i<(int)pe.size();i++){ v[i]%=pe[i]; if(v[i]<0)v[i]+=pe[i]; T x=T2(v[i]-res)*T2(invs[i])%pe[i]; res+=x*prod; prod*=pe[i]; if(res<0)res+=prod; } return res; } }; #include constexpr int carmichael_constexpr(int n){ if(n==998244353)return 998244352; if(n==1000000007)return 1000000006; if(n<=1)return n; int res=1; int t=0; while(n%2==0){ n/=2; t++; } if(t==2)res=2; else if(t>=3)res=1<<(t-2); for(int i=3;i*i<=n;i++)if(n%i==0){ int c=0; while(n%i==0){ n/=i; c++; } int prod=i-1; for(int j=0;j std::enable_if_t,T>carmichael(T n){ T res=1; for(auto [p,e]:factorize(n)){ if(p==2){ if(e==2)res=2; else if(e>=3)res=T(1)<<(e-2); } else{ T prod=p-1; for(int i=0;i>64); u32 r=x-y*m; return m<=r?y-1:y; } inline u32 rem(u64 x)const{ if(m==1)return 0; u64 y=u64((u128(x)*im)>>64); u32 r=x-y*m; return m<=r?r+m:r; } inline std::pairquo_rem(u64 x)const{ if(m==0)return std::make_pair(x,0); u64 y=u64((u128(x)*im)>>64); u32 r=x-y*m; return m<=r?std::make_pair(y-1,r+m):std::make_pair(y,r); } inline u32 pow(u32 a,u64 p)const{ u32 res=m!=1; while(p){ if(p&1)res=rem(u64(res)*a); a=rem(u64(a)*a); p>>=1; } return res; } }; template struct arbitrary_modint{ private: using uint=unsigned int; using mint=arbitrary_modint; uint v; static uint umod; static int car; static BarrettReduction br; mint sqrt_impl()const{ if(this->val()<=1)return *this; if(umod%8==1){ mint b=2; while(b.pow((umod-1)/2).val()==1)b++; int m2=umod-1,e=0; while(m2%2==0)m2>>=1,e++; mint x=this->pow((m2-1)/2); mint y=(*this)*x*x; x*=*this; mint z=b.pow(m2); while(y.val()!=1){ int j=0; mint t=y; while(t.val()!=1)t*=t,j++; z=z.pow(1<<(e-j-1)); x*=z; z*=z; y*=z;e=j; } return x; } else if(umod%8==5){ mint ret=this->pow((umod+3)/8); if((ret*ret).val()==this->val())return ret; else return ret*mint::raw(2).pow((umod-1)/4); } else{ return this->pow((umod+1)/4); } } public: using value_type=uint; arbitrary_modint():v(0){} template,std::nullptr_t> =nullptr> arbitrary_modint(T x):v(br.rem(x)){} template,std::nullptr_t> =nullptr> arbitrary_modint(T x){ x%=(int)umod; if(x<0)x+=(int)umod; v=x; } static void set_mod(int m_){ assert(1<=m_); umod=m_; car=carmichael(umod); br=BarrettReduction(umod); } static int mod(){return umod;} static mint raw(int x){ mint res; res.v=x; return res; } inline uint val()const{return v;} inline mint &operator+=(const mint &b){ this->v+=b.v; if(this->v>=umod)this->v-=umod; return *this; } inline mint &operator-=(const mint &b){ this->v-=b.v; if(this->v>=umod)this->v+=umod; return *this; } inline mint &operator*=(const mint &b){ this->v=br.rem((unsigned long long)this->v*b.v); return *this; } inline mint &operator/=(const mint &b){ *this*=b.inv(); return *this; } inline mint operator+()const{return *this;} inline mint operator-()const{return mint()-*this;} friend inline mint operator+(const mint &a,const mint &b){return mint(a)+=b;} friend inline mint operator-(const mint &a,const mint &b){return mint(a)-=b;} friend inline mint operator*(const mint &a,const mint &b){return mint(a)*=b;} friend inline mint operator/(const mint &a,const mint &b){return mint(a)/=b;} friend inline bool operator==(const mint &a,const mint &b){return a.val()==b.val();} friend inline bool operator!=(const mint &a,const mint &b){return !(a==b);} friend inline bool operator<(const mint&a,const mint&b){return a.val()(const mint&a,const mint&b){return a.val()>b.val();} friend inline bool operator<=(const mint&a,const mint&b){return a.val()<=b.val();} friend inline bool operator>=(const mint&a,const mint&b){return a.val()>=b.val();} inline mint operator++(int){ mint ret=*this; *this+=mint::raw(1); return ret; } inline mint operator--(int){ mint ret=*this; *this-=mint::raw(1); return ret; } mint pow(long long n)const{ mint ret=mint::raw(1),a(*this); while(n){ if(n&1)ret*=a; a*=a; n>>=1; } return ret; } inline mint inv()const{ return pow(car-1); } std::optionalsqrt()const{ if(this->val()<=1||this->pow((umod-1)/2)==1)return std::make_optional(this->sqrt_impl()); else return std::nullopt; } static unsigned int order(){return car;} friend std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is,mint &b){ long long a; is>>a; b=mint(a); return is; } friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os,const mint &b){ os<typename arbitrary_modint::uint arbitrary_modint::umod=2; templateint arbitrary_modint::car=1; templateBarrettReduction arbitrary_modint::br; template struct std::hash>{ std::size_t operator()(arbitrary_modintx)const{ return std::hash()(x.val()); } }; struct is_modint_impl{ template static auto check(T&&x)->decltype(x.mod(),std::true_type{}); template static auto check(...)->std::false_type; }; template struct is_modint:public decltype(is_modint_impl::check(std::declval())){}; template inline constexpr bool is_modint_v=is_modint::value; struct is_dynamic_modint_impl{ template static auto check(T&&x)->decltype(x.set_mod((typename T::value_type)0),std::true_type{}); template static auto check(...)->std::false_type; }; template struct is_dynamic_modint:public decltype(is_dynamic_modint_impl::check(std::declval())){}; template inline constexpr bool is_dynamic_modint_v=is_dynamic_modint::value; template inline constexpr bool is_static_modint_v=is_modint_v&&!is_dynamic_modint_v; struct is_uso_modint_impl{ template static auto check(T&&x)->decltype(x.uso(),std::true_type{}); template static auto check(...)->std::false_type; }; template struct is_uso_modint:public decltype(is_uso_modint_impl::check(std::declval())){}; template inline constexpr bool is_uso_modint_v=is_uso_modint::value; template std::vectorfind_linear_recurrence(std::vectora){ static_assert(is_modint_v); if(T::mod()==1)return {0}; using mint=arbitrary_modint<20260702>; CRTcrt(T::mod()); std::vector>f(crt.f.size()); int l=0; for(int i=0;i<(int)crt.f.size();i++){ mint::set_mod(crt.pe[i]); std::vectorb(a.size()); for(int j=0;j<(int)a.size();j++)b[j]=a[j].val(); if(crt.f[i].second==1)b=berlekamp_massey(b); else b=reeds_sloane(b,crt.f[i]); f[i].resize(b.size()); for(int j=0;j<(int)b.size();j++)f[i][j]=b[j].val(); if(l<(int)f[i].size())l=f[i].size(); } std::vectorres(l); for(int i=0;inow(f.size()); for(int j=0;j<(int)f.size();j++){ now[j]=i<(int)f[j].size()?f[j][i]:0; } res[i]=crt(now); } return res; } template T crt3(int a1,int a2,int a3){ static_assert(p1(p1,p2-2,p2); static constexpr long long y=pow_mod((long long)p1*p2%p3,p3-2,p3); long long c=(a2-a1+p2)*x%p2; long long c2=a1+c*p1; c=(a3-c2%p3+p3)*y%p3; return T(c2)+T(c)*T(p1)*T(p2); } template struct mod_int{ private: static constexpr unsigned int umod=static_cast(m); static constexpr unsigned int car=carmichael_constexpr(m); using uint=unsigned int; using mint=mod_int; uint v; static_assert(mval()<=1)return *this; if constexpr(m%8==1){ mint b=2; while(b.pow((m-1)/2).val()==1)b++; int m2=m-1,e=0; while(m2%2==0)m2>>=1,e++; mint x=this->pow((m2-1)/2); mint y=(*this)*x*x; x*=*this; mint z=b.pow(m2); while(y.val()!=1){ int j=0; mint t=y; while(t.val()!=1)t*=t,j++; z=z.pow(1<<(e-j-1)); x*=z; z*=z; y*=z;e=j; } return x; } else if constexpr(m%8==5){ mint ret=this->pow((m+3)/8); if((ret*ret).val()==this->val())return ret; else return ret*mint::raw(2).pow((m-1)/4); } else{ return this->pow((m+1)/4); } } public: using value_type=uint; mod_int():v(0){} template,std::nullptr_t> =nullptr> mod_int(T a){ a%=m; if(a<0)v=a+umod; else v=a; } template,std::nullptr_t> =nullptr> mod_int(T a):v(a%umod){} static constexpr mint raw(int a){ mint ret; ret.v=a; return ret; } inline uint val()const{return this->v;} static constexpr int mod(){return m;} inline mint &operator+=(const mint &b){ this->v+=b.v; if(this->v>=umod)this->v-=umod; return *this; } inline mint &operator-=(const mint &b){ this->v-=b.v; if(this->v>=umod)this->v+=umod; return *this; } inline mint &operator*=(const mint &b){ this->v=((unsigned long long)this->v*b.v)%umod; return *this; } inline mint &operator/=(const mint &b){ *this*=b.inv(); return *this; } inline mint operator+()const{return *this;} inline mint operator-()const{return mint()-*this;} friend inline mint operator+(const mint &a,const mint &b){return mint(a)+=b;} friend inline mint operator-(const mint &a,const mint &b){return mint(a)-=b;} friend inline mint operator*(const mint &a,const mint &b){return mint(a)*=b;} friend inline mint operator/(const mint &a,const mint &b){return mint(a)/=b;} friend inline bool operator==(const mint &a,const mint &b){return a.val()==b.val();} friend inline bool operator!=(const mint &a,const mint &b){return !(a==b);} friend inline bool operator<(const mint &a,const mint &b){return a.val()(const mint &a,const mint &b){return a.val()>b.val();} friend inline bool operator<=(const mint &a,const mint &b){return a.val()<=b.val();} friend inline bool operator>=(const mint &a,const mint &b){return a.val()>=b.val();} inline mint operator++(int){ mint ret=*this; *this+=mint::raw(1); return ret; } inline mint operator--(int){ mint ret=*this; *this-=mint::raw(1); return ret; } mint pow(long long n)const{ mint ret=mint::raw(1),a(*this); while(n){ if(n&1)ret*=a; a*=a; n>>=1; } return ret; } inline mint inv()const{ assert(this->v!=0); return pow(car-1); } std::optionalsqrt()const{ if(this->val()<=1||this->pow((m-1)/2)==1)return std::make_optional(this->sqrt_impl()); else return std::nullopt; } static constexpr unsigned int order(){return car;} friend std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is,mint &b){ long long a; is>>a; b=mint(a); return is; } friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os,const mint &b){ os< struct std::hash>{ std::size_t operator()(mod_intx)const{ return std::hash()(x.val()); } }; using mint998=mod_int<998244353>; using mint107=mod_int<1000000007>; template std::vectorarbitrary_mod_convolution(const std::vector&a,const std::vector&b){ if(a.empty()||b.empty())return std::vector{}; if(std::min(a.size(),b.size())<60){ std::vectorret(a.size()+b.size()-1,0); for(int i=0;i; using mint2=mod_int<469762049>; using mint3=mod_int<998244353>; std::vectora1(a.size()),b1(b.size()); std::vectora2(a.size()),b2(b.size()); std::vectora3(a.size()),b3(b.size()); for(int i=0;iret(a.size()+b.size()-1); for(int i=0;i(a1[i].val(),a2[i].val(),a3[i].val()); return ret; } template T kth_term(std::vectorp,long long k){ std::vectorq=find_linear_recurrence(p); if constexpr(is_static_modint_v){ if((T::mod()-1)%(ceil_pow2(q.size()*2-1))==0){ p=ntt_convolution(p,q); p.resize(q.size()-1); return bostan_mori(p,q,k); } } p=arbitrary_mod_convolution(p,q); int n=q.size(); p.resize(n-1); std::vectormq(n); while(k){ for(int i=0;iu(n-1),v(n); if(k&1)for(int i=0;i>=1; } if(p.empty())return 0; else return p[0]; } using mint=mint998; void SOLVE(){ int k; ll l,r; cin>>k>>l>>r; vectordp(k*2+10); dp[0]=1; rep(i,1,dp.size()){ dp[i]=dp[i-1]*k+mint(i-1).pow(k)+mint(k).pow(i-1); } rep(i,1,dp.size())dp[i]+=dp[i-1]; mint ans=kth_term(dp,r); if(l!=0)ans-=kth_term(dp,l-1); cout<