#include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include using namespace std; using Connection = pair; constexpr int SAFE_ZONE_CRITERIA = 4; constexpr int CAND_SIZES_LIM = 30000; constexpr double TIME_LIMIT = 1.8; constexpr double ROUTE_TIME_LIMIT = 1.0; constexpr double START_TEMP = 10000; constexpr double END_TEMP = 100; constexpr double TWO_ADD_ONE_REMOVE_PROB = 0.1; constexpr double TWO_REMOVE_ONE_ADD_PROB = 0.1; constexpr double SHUFFLE_PROB = 0.1; constexpr double TWO_ADD_TWO_REMOVE_PROB = 0.1; int N, K, N2; vector> board; vector danger_zones; int to_1d(int i, int j) { return i * N2 + j; } pair to_2d(int v) { return {v / N2, v % N2}; } int connection_dist(int v1, int v2) { auto [x1, y1] = to_2d(v1); auto [x2, y2] = to_2d(v2); return min(abs(x1 - x2), abs(y1 - y2)); } int connection_dist(Connection edge) { return connection_dist(edge.first, edge.second); } vector create_route(int v1, int v2) { auto [x1, y1] = to_2d(v1); auto [x2, y2] = to_2d(v2); if (x1 > x2) { swap(x1, x2); swap(y1, y2); } vector route; int x = x1, y = y1; while (x != x2 || y != y2) { if (x < x2) ++x; if (y < y2) ++y; else if (y > y2) --y; if (x != x2 || y != y2) route.push_back(to_1d(x, y)); } return route; } // 入力と候補辺だけで決まる情報をキャッシュし、反復用メモリを再利用する。 struct SearchWorkspace { vector routes, route_offsets; vector distances, danger_idx, trees, parents; vector> adjacent_dangers; vector used; vector removal_mask, cached_removal_mask; vector removed_indices; long long cached_score = 0; bool score_cached = false; unsigned int tree_stamp = 0; explicit SearchWorkspace(const vector& candidates) : danger_idx(N2 * N2, -1), parents(danger_zones.size()), used(N2 * N2, 0), removal_mask((danger_zones.size() + 63) / 64), cached_removal_mask(removal_mask.size()) { routes.reserve(candidates.size() * N2); route_offsets.reserve(candidates.size() + 1); route_offsets.push_back(0); distances.reserve(candidates.size()); trees.reserve(N2 * N2); removed_indices.reserve(N2 * N2); for (auto [v1, v2] : candidates) { auto [x1, y1] = to_2d(v1); auto [x2, y2] = to_2d(v2); if (x1 > x2) { swap(x1, x2); swap(y1, y2); } int x = x1, y = y1; while (x != x2 || y != y2) { if (x < x2) ++x; if (y < y2) ++y; else if (y > y2) --y; if ((x != x2 || y != y2) && board[x][y] != 0) { routes.push_back(to_1d(x, y)); } } route_offsets.push_back(static_cast(routes.size())); distances.push_back(connection_dist(v1, v2)); } for (int i = 0; i < static_cast(danger_zones.size()); ++i) { danger_idx[danger_zones[i]] = i; } for (int i = 0; i < static_cast(danger_zones.size()); ++i) { int v = danger_zones[i]; for (int d : {1, N2}) { int neighbor = v + d; if (neighbor < N2 * N2 && danger_idx[neighbor] >= 0) { adjacent_dangers.emplace_back(i, danger_idx[neighbor]); } } } } const vector& build(const vector& edges) { if (++tree_stamp == 0) { fill(used.begin(), used.end(), 0); tree_stamp = 1; } trees.clear(); for (auto it = edges.rbegin(); it != edges.rend(); ++it) { for (int i = route_offsets[*it]; i < route_offsets[*it + 1]; ++i) { int v = routes[i]; if (used[v] == tree_stamp) continue; used[v] = tree_stamp; trees.push_back(v); if (static_cast(trees.size()) == K) return trees; } } return trees; } int find_root(int x) { if (parents[x] < 0) return x; return parents[x] = find_root(parents[x]); } long long evaluate(const vector& selected_trees) { constexpr int REMOVED = numeric_limits::min(); fill(removal_mask.begin(), removal_mask.end(), 0); removed_indices.clear(); for (int v : selected_trees) { int idx = danger_idx[v]; if (idx < 0) continue; uint64_t bit = uint64_t{1} << (idx % 64); if ((removal_mask[idx / 64] & bit) == 0) { removal_mask[idx / 64] |= bit; removed_indices.push_back(idx); } } // 削除対象が前回と完全一致する場合だけ、同じ評価値を再利用する。 if (score_cached && removal_mask == cached_removal_mask) return cached_score; fill(parents.begin(), parents.end(), -1); for (int idx : removed_indices) parents[idx] = REMOVED; // 無向辺は一度だけ処理する。連結成分と評価値は元の処理と同じ。 for (auto [a, b] : adjacent_dangers) { if (parents[a] == REMOVED || parents[b] == REMOVED) continue; a = find_root(a); b = find_root(b); if (a == b) continue; if (parents[a] > parents[b]) swap(a, b); parents[a] += parents[b]; parents[b] = a; } long long score = 0; for (int size : parents) { if (size < 0 && size != REMOVED) score += 1LL * size * size; } cached_removal_mask = removal_mask; cached_score = score; score_cached = true; return score; } }; // 共通の乾燥サンプルで比較する。各頂点を削除したときの改善量は // DFS 木の low-link と部分木サイズから、全頂点分を線形時間で求める。 struct SampleEvaluator { static constexpr int SAMPLES = 128; int cells; vector vertices; vector> neighbors; vector> dry; vector cut; vector tin, low, subtree, component, component_sizes, order, separated; vector separated_sq, gain, restore_cost; int timer = 0; SampleEvaluator() : cells(N2 * N2), neighbors(cells), dry(SAMPLES, vector(cells)), cut(cells), tin(cells), low(cells), subtree(cells), component(cells), separated(cells), separated_sq(cells), gain(cells), restore_cost(cells) { uint64_t seed = 1469598103934665603ULL; for (int x = 1; x <= N; ++x) for (int y = 1; y <= N; ++y) { int v = to_1d(x, y); neighbors[v] = {v - N2, v + N2, v - 1, v + 1}; seed = (seed ^ uint64_t(board[x][y])) * 1099511628211ULL; if (board[x][y]) vertices.push_back(v); } mt19937_64 random(seed); for (auto& sample : dry) for (int v : vertices) { sample[v] = random() % 10 < uint64_t(board[v / N2][v % N2]); } order.reserve(cells); component_sizes.reserve(cells); } void dfs(int v, int parent, int id, const vector& active) { tin[v] = low[v] = ++timer; subtree[v] = 1; separated[v] = 0; separated_sq[v] = 0; component[v] = id; order.push_back(v); for (int u : neighbors[v]) { if (!active[u] || cut[u] || u == parent) continue; if (tin[u]) { low[v] = min(low[v], tin[u]); } else { dfs(u, v, id, active); subtree[v] += subtree[u]; low[v] = min(low[v], low[u]); if (low[u] >= tin[v]) { separated[v] += subtree[u]; separated_sq[v] += 1LL * subtree[u] * subtree[u]; } } } } long long analyze() { fill(gain.begin(), gain.end(), 0); fill(restore_cost.begin(), restore_cost.end(), 0); long long score = 0; for (const auto& sample : dry) { fill(tin.begin(), tin.end(), 0); component_sizes.clear(); order.clear(); timer = 0; for (int v : vertices) if (sample[v] && !cut[v] && !tin[v]) { int id = static_cast(component_sizes.size()); int begin = static_cast(order.size()); dfs(v, -1, id, sample); int size = subtree[v]; component_sizes.push_back(size); score += 1LL * size * size; for (int j = begin; j < static_cast(order.size()); ++j) { int u = order[j]; int rest = size - 1 - separated[u]; gain[u] += 1LL * size * size - separated_sq[u] - 1LL * rest * rest; } } for (int v : vertices) if (cut[v] && sample[v]) { array ids; int count = 0, sum = 1; long long square_sum = 0; for (int u : neighbors[v]) if (sample[u] && !cut[u]) { int id = component[u]; bool duplicate = false; for (int j = 0; j < count; ++j) duplicate |= ids[j] == id; if (duplicate) continue; ids[count++] = id; int size = component_sizes[id]; sum += size; square_sum += 1LL * size * size; } restore_cost[v] += 1LL * sum * sum - square_sum; } } return score; } }; void refine_trees(vector& trees, chrono::steady_clock::time_point start) { SampleEvaluator evaluator; for (int v : trees) evaluator.cut[v] = 1; auto expired = [&]() { return chrono::duration(chrono::steady_clock::now() - start).count() >= TIME_LIMIT; }; long long score = evaluator.analyze(); vector best_trees = trees; long long best_score = score; vector tried(evaluator.cells, 0); int iterations = 0, improvements = 0; vector saved_restore_cost; while (!expired()) { bool changed = true; // 本数が足りないときは、期待焼失本数を最も減らす木から追加する。 if (static_cast(trees.size()) < K) { int add = -1; for (int v : evaluator.vertices) if (!evaluator.cut[v] && (add < 0 || evaluator.gain[v] > evaluator.gain[add])) add = v; if (add < 0) break; evaluator.cut[add] = 1; trees.push_back(add); score -= evaluator.gain[add]; } else { int remove = -1; for (int v : trees) if (!tried[v] && (remove < 0 || evaluator.restore_cost[v] < evaluator.restore_cost[remove])) remove = v; if (remove < 0) break; long long cost = evaluator.restore_cost[remove]; saved_restore_cost = evaluator.restore_cost; evaluator.cut[remove] = 0; evaluator.analyze(); int add = remove; for (int v : evaluator.vertices) if (!evaluator.cut[v] && evaluator.gain[v] > evaluator.gain[add]) add = v; // 復元前後で同じサンプルを使い、厳密に改善する交換だけ採用する。 if (evaluator.gain[add] > cost) { evaluator.cut[add] = 1; *find(trees.begin(), trees.end(), remove) = add; score += cost - evaluator.gain[add]; fill(tried.begin(), tried.end(), 0); ++improvements; } else { evaluator.cut[remove] = 1; tried[remove] = 1; evaluator.restore_cost.swap(saved_restore_cost); changed = false; } } if (score < best_score) { best_score = score; best_trees = trees; } ++iterations; if (expired()) break; if (changed) evaluator.analyze(); } trees = best_trees; cerr << "refine_iterations=" << iterations << " improvements=" << improvements << " sample_score=" << best_score << '\n'; } int main() { const auto start_time = chrono::steady_clock::now(); ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(nullptr); if (!(cin >> N >> K)) return 0; N2 = N + 2; board.assign(N2, vector(N2, 0)); for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) { string row; cin >> row; for (int j = 0; j < N; ++j) board[i + 1][j + 1] = row[j] - '0'; } uint32_t input_seed = 2166136261U; for (const auto& row : board) for (int d : row) { input_seed = (input_seed ^ static_cast(d)) * 16777619U; } mt19937 rng(input_seed); auto randint = [&](int lo, int hi) { return uniform_int_distribution(lo, hi)(rng); }; auto random_real = [&]() { return uniform_real_distribution(0.0, 1.0)(rng); }; vector safe_zones; for (int i = 0; i < N2; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < N2; ++j) { if (board[i][j] <= SAFE_ZONE_CRITERIA) safe_zones.push_back(to_1d(i, j)); else danger_zones.push_back(to_1d(i, j)); } } unordered_set candidate_set; candidate_set.reserve(CAND_SIZES_LIM + 1); vector edge_candidates; edge_candidates.reserve(CAND_SIZES_LIM + 1); // 候補総数が上限より少ない入力でも終了するよう、試行回数を制限する。 for (int attempts = 0; candidate_set.size() <= CAND_SIZES_LIM && attempts < 1000000; ++attempts) { int v1 = safe_zones[randint(0, static_cast(safe_zones.size()) - 1)]; int v2 = safe_zones[randint(0, static_cast(safe_zones.size()) - 1)]; int dist = connection_dist(v1, v2); if (2 <= dist && dist <= 50) { uint64_t key = (uint64_t(static_cast(v1)) << 32) | static_cast(v2); if (candidate_set.insert(key).second) edge_candidates.emplace_back(v1, v2); } } // 旧版の set と同じ候補順に戻し、乱数に対する選択結果を維持する。 sort(edge_candidates.begin(), edge_candidates.end()); const int candidate_max = static_cast(edge_candidates.size()) - 1; SearchWorkspace workspace(edge_candidates); vector edges, prev_edges, best_trees; edges.reserve(128); prev_edges.reserve(128); int est_sizes = 0; double current_score = numeric_limits::infinity(); long long best_score = numeric_limits::max(); auto contains_edge = [&](int edge) { return find(edges.begin(), edges.end(), edge) != edges.end(); }; while (true) { double elapsed = chrono::duration(chrono::steady_clock::now() - start_time).count(); if (elapsed > ROUTE_TIME_LIMIT) break; if (candidate_max < 0) break; double temperature = START_TEMP + (END_TEMP - START_TEMP) * elapsed / ROUTE_TIME_LIMIT; int x = randint(0, candidate_max); double r = random_real(); if (contains_edge(x)) continue; prev_edges = edges; int prev_est_sizes = est_sizes; double move_r = est_sizes >= 90 ? random_real() : 0.0; if (est_sizes >= 90 && move_r >= 1.0 - SHUFFLE_PROB) { shuffle(edges.begin(), edges.end(), rng); } else if (est_sizes >= 90 && move_r >= 1.0 - SHUFFLE_PROB - TWO_ADD_TWO_REMOVE_PROB) { if (edges.size() < 2 || edge_candidates.size() - edges.size() < 2) continue; int z = randint(0, candidate_max); while (z == x || contains_edge(z)) z = randint(0, candidate_max); int y1 = randint(0, static_cast(edges.size()) - 1); int y2 = randint(0, static_cast(edges.size()) - 2); if (y2 >= y1) ++y2; if (y1 < y2) swap(y1, y2); for (int y : {y1, y2}) { est_sizes -= workspace.distances[edges[y]]; edges.erase(edges.begin() + y); } for (int new_edge : {x, z}) { edges.push_back(new_edge); est_sizes += workspace.distances[new_edge]; } } else if (est_sizes <= 90) { est_sizes += workspace.distances[x]; edges.push_back(x); } else if (move_r < TWO_ADD_ONE_REMOVE_PROB && est_sizes < 105) { if (edge_candidates.size() - edges.size() < 2) continue; int z = randint(0, candidate_max); while (z == x || contains_edge(z)) z = randint(0, candidate_max); int y = randint(0, static_cast(edges.size()) - 1); est_sizes -= workspace.distances[edges[y]]; edges.erase(edges.begin() + y); for (int new_edge : {x, z}) { edges.push_back(new_edge); est_sizes += workspace.distances[new_edge]; } } else if (TWO_ADD_ONE_REMOVE_PROB <= move_r && move_r < TWO_ADD_ONE_REMOVE_PROB + TWO_REMOVE_ONE_ADD_PROB) { if (edges.size() < 2) continue; int y1 = randint(0, static_cast(edges.size()) - 1); int y2 = randint(0, static_cast(edges.size()) - 2); if (y2 >= y1) ++y2; if (y1 < y2) swap(y1, y2); for (int y : {y1, y2}) { est_sizes -= workspace.distances[edges[y]]; edges.erase(edges.begin() + y); } edges.push_back(x); est_sizes += workspace.distances[x]; } else { int y = randint(0, static_cast(edges.size()) - 1); est_sizes -= workspace.distances[edges[y]]; edges[y] = x; est_sizes += workspace.distances[x]; } const auto& trees = workspace.build(edges); long long new_score = workspace.evaluate(trees); if (new_score <= current_score || r < exp((current_score - new_score) / temperature)) { current_score = static_cast(new_score); } else { edges.swap(prev_edges); est_sizes = prev_est_sizes; } if (new_score < best_score) { best_trees = trees; best_score = new_score; } } refine_trees(best_trees, start_time); cout << best_trees.size() << '\n'; for (int v : best_trees) { auto [x, y] = to_2d(v); cout << x - 1 << ' ' << y - 1 << '\n'; } return 0; }