T = int(input())
for _ in range(T):
    R,C = map(int,input().split())
    K = 0
    while 1<<K <= R:
        K += 1
    A = []
    for k in range(K):
        if (R>>k)&1:
            A.append(1)
        else:
            A.append(0)
    C -= 1
    kmax = K-1
    k0 = -1
    for k in range(K-1,-1,-1):
        if A[k]==0:
            k0 = k
            break
    ans = 0
    while C<kmax:
        if C<k0:
            if A[C+1]==1:
                if ((R+1)>>(C+1))&1:
                    R += 1
                C += 1
                ans += 1
            else:
                R1 = R%(1<<C)
                d = (1<<C)-1-R1
                R += d
                ans += d
                R += 1
                C += 1
                ans += 1
        else:
            R -= 1
            C += 1
            ans += 1
    print(ans+R-1)