package adv2018;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;

public class Day26 {
	InputStream is;
	PrintWriter out;
	String INPUT = "";
	
	void solve()
	{
		int n = ni();
		int[] par = new int[n];
		par[0] = -1;
		for(int i = 1;i < n;i++){
			par[i] = ni();
		}
		int[][] ch = parentToChildren(par);
		ans = 0;
		dfs(0, new int[n+3], ch);
		out.println(ans);
	}
	
	void dfs(int cur, int[] ft, int[][] ch)
	{
		ans += sumFenwick(ft, cur);
		addFenwick(ft, cur, 1);
		for(int e : ch[cur]){
			dfs(e, ft, ch);
		}
		addFenwick(ft, cur, -1);
	}
	
	long ans = 0;
	
	public static int[][] parentToChildren(int[] par)
	{
		int n = par.length;
		int[] ct = new int[n];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
			if(par[i] >= 0){
				ct[par[i]]++;
			}
		}
		int[][] g = new int[n][];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
			g[i] = new int[ct[i]];
		}
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
			if(par[i] >= 0){
				g[par[i]][--ct[par[i]]] = i;
			}
		}
		
		return g;
	}

	
	public static int sumFenwick(int[] ft, int i)
	{
		int sum = 0;
		for(i++;i > 0;i -= i&-i)sum += ft[i];
		return sum;
	}
	
	public static void addFenwick(int[] ft, int i, int v)
	{
		if(v == 0 || i < 0)return;
		int n = ft.length;
		for(i++;i < n;i += i&-i)ft[i] += v;
	}

	
	public static int[][] parentToG(int[] par)
	{
		int n = par.length;
		int[] ct = new int[n];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
			if(par[i] >= 0){
				ct[i]++;
				ct[par[i]]++;
			}
		}
		int[][] g = new int[n][];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
			g[i] = new int[ct[i]];
		}
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++){
			if(par[i] >= 0){
				g[par[i]][--ct[par[i]]] = i;
				g[i][--ct[i]] = par[i];
			}
		}
		return g;
	}

	
	void run() throws Exception
	{
		is = INPUT.isEmpty() ? System.in : new ByteArrayInputStream(INPUT.getBytes());
		out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
//		
//		long s = System.currentTimeMillis();
//		solve();
//		out.flush();
//		if(!INPUT.isEmpty())tr(System.currentTimeMillis()-s+"ms");
		Thread t = new Thread(null, null, "~", Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory()){
			@Override
			public void run() {
				long s = System.currentTimeMillis();
				solve();
				out.flush();
				if(!INPUT.isEmpty())tr(System.currentTimeMillis()-s+"ms");
			}
		};
		t.start();
		t.join();
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { new Day26().run(); }
	
	private byte[] inbuf = new byte[1024];
	public int lenbuf = 0, ptrbuf = 0;
	
	private int readByte()
	{
		if(lenbuf == -1)throw new InputMismatchException();
		if(ptrbuf >= lenbuf){
			ptrbuf = 0;
			try { lenbuf = is.read(inbuf); } catch (IOException e) { throw new InputMismatchException(); }
			if(lenbuf <= 0)return -1;
		}
		return inbuf[ptrbuf++];
	}
	
	private boolean isSpaceChar(int c) { return !(c >= 33 && c <= 126); }
	private int skip() { int b; while((b = readByte()) != -1 && isSpaceChar(b)); return b; }
	
	private double nd() { return Double.parseDouble(ns()); }
	private char nc() { return (char)skip(); }
	
	private String ns()
	{
		int b = skip();
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		while(!(isSpaceChar(b))){ // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != ' ')
			sb.appendCodePoint(b);
			b = readByte();
		}
		return sb.toString();
	}
	
	private char[] ns(int n)
	{
		char[] buf = new char[n];
		int b = skip(), p = 0;
		while(p < n && !(isSpaceChar(b))){
			buf[p++] = (char)b;
			b = readByte();
		}
		return n == p ? buf : Arrays.copyOf(buf, p);
	}
	
	private int[] na(int n)
	{
		int[] a = new int[n];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)a[i] = ni();
		return a;
	}
	
	private long[] nal(int n)
	{
		long[] a = new long[n];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)a[i] = nl();
		return a;
	}
	
	private char[][] nm(int n, int m) {
		char[][] map = new char[n][];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)map[i] = ns(m);
		return map;
	}
	
	private int[][] nmi(int n, int m) {
		int[][] map = new int[n][];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)map[i] = na(m);
		return map;
	}
	
	private int ni() { return (int)nl(); }
	
	private long nl()
	{
		long num = 0;
		int b;
		boolean minus = false;
		while((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'));
		if(b == '-'){
			minus = true;
			b = readByte();
		}
		
		while(true){
			if(b >= '0' && b <= '9'){
				num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
			}else{
				return minus ? -num : num;
			}
			b = readByte();
		}
	}
	
	private static void tr(Object... o) { System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(o)); }
}