#include <stdio.h>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int B[200200];
int N,P[200200];
vector<int> G[200200];
long long ans;

void in(int x, int p)
{
    while (x <= N){
        B[x] += p;
        x +=  x & (-x);
    }
}

int out(int x)
{
    int r = 0;
    while (x){
        r += B[x];
        x -= x & (-x);
    }
    return r;
}

void go(int x){
    ans += out(x+1);
    in(x+1,1);
    for (auto y : G[x]) go(y);
    in(x+1,-1);
}

int main()
{
    scanf ("%d",&N);
    for (int i=1;i<N;i++){
        scanf ("%d",&P[i]);
        G[P[i]].push_back(i);
    }
    
    go(0);
    printf ("%lld\n",ans);
    
    return 0;
}