#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

typedef long long   signed int LL;
typedef long long unsigned int LU;

#define incID(i, l, r) for(int i = (l)    ; i <  (r); i++)
#define incII(i, l, r) for(int i = (l)    ; i <= (r); i++)
#define decID(i, l, r) for(int i = (r) - 1; i >= (l); i--)
#define decII(i, l, r) for(int i = (r)    ; i >= (l); i--)
#define  inc(i, n) incID(i, 0, n)
#define inc1(i, n) incII(i, 1, n)
#define  dec(i, n) decID(i, 0, n)
#define dec1(i, n) decII(i, 1, n)

#define inII(v, l, r) ((l) <= (v) && (v) <= (r))
#define inID(v, l, r) ((l) <= (v) && (v) <  (r))

#define PB push_back
#define EB emplace_back
#define MP make_pair
#define FI first
#define SE second
#define PQ priority_queue

#define  ALL(v)  v.begin(),  v.end()
#define RALL(v) v.rbegin(), v.rend()
#define  FOR(it, v) for(auto it =  v.begin(); it !=  v.end(); ++it)
#define RFOR(it, v) for(auto it = v.rbegin(); it != v.rend(); ++it)

template<typename T> bool   setmin(T & a, T b) { if(b <  a) { a = b; return true; } else { return false; } }
template<typename T> bool   setmax(T & a, T b) { if(b >  a) { a = b; return true; } else { return false; } }
template<typename T> bool setmineq(T & a, T b) { if(b <= a) { a = b; return true; } else { return false; } }
template<typename T> bool setmaxeq(T & a, T b) { if(b >= a) { a = b; return true; } else { return false; } }
template<typename T> T gcd(T a, T b) { return (b == 0 ? a : gcd(b, a % b)); }
template<typename T> T lcm(T a, T b) { return a / gcd(a, b) * b; }

// ---- ----

const int M = 200000;
int n;
vector<int> g[M], se[M];

LL dfs(int v) {
	LL sum = 0;
	for(auto && e: g[v]) {
		sum += dfs(e);
		// for(auto && f: se[e]) { se[v].PB(f); }
		// se[e].clear();
		while(! se[e].empty()) { se[v].PB(se[e].back()); se[e].pop_back(); }
	}
	se[v].PB(v);
	sort(ALL(se[v]));
	sum += se[v].end() - lower_bound(ALL(se[v]), v + 1);
	
	return sum;
}

int main() {
	cin >> n;
	inc1(i, n - 1) {
		int a;
		cin >> a;
		g[a].PB(i);
	}
	
	cout << dfs(0) << endl;
	
	return 0;
}