#include using namespace std; typedef long long signed int LL; typedef long long unsigned int LU; #define incID(i, l, r) for(int i = (l) ; i < (r); i++) #define incII(i, l, r) for(int i = (l) ; i <= (r); i++) #define decID(i, l, r) for(int i = (r) - 1; i >= (l); i--) #define decII(i, l, r) for(int i = (r) ; i >= (l); i--) #define inc(i, n) incID(i, 0, n) #define inc1(i, n) incII(i, 1, n) #define dec(i, n) decID(i, 0, n) #define dec1(i, n) decII(i, 1, n) #define inII(v, l, r) ((l) <= (v) && (v) <= (r)) #define inID(v, l, r) ((l) <= (v) && (v) < (r)) #define PB push_back #define EB emplace_back #define MP make_pair #define FI first #define SE second #define PQ priority_queue #define ALL(v) v.begin(), v.end() #define RALL(v) v.rbegin(), v.rend() #define FOR(it, v) for(auto it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); ++it) #define RFOR(it, v) for(auto it = v.rbegin(); it != v.rend(); ++it) template bool setmin(T & a, T b) { if(b < a) { a = b; return true; } else { return false; } } template bool setmax(T & a, T b) { if(b > a) { a = b; return true; } else { return false; } } template bool setmineq(T & a, T b) { if(b <= a) { a = b; return true; } else { return false; } } template bool setmaxeq(T & a, T b) { if(b >= a) { a = b; return true; } else { return false; } } template T gcd(T a, T b) { return (b == 0 ? a : gcd(b, a % b)); } template T lcm(T a, T b) { return a / gcd(a, b) * b; } // ---- ---- const int M = 200000; int n; vector g[M], se[M]; LL dfs(int v) { LL sum = 0; for(auto && e: g[v]) { sum += dfs(e); // for(auto && f: se[e]) { se[v].PB(f); } // se[e].clear(); while(! se[e].empty()) { se[v].PB(se[e].back()); se[e].pop_back(); } } se[v].PB(v); sort(ALL(se[v])); sum += se[v].end() - lower_bound(ALL(se[v]), v + 1); return sum; } int main() { cin >> n; inc1(i, n - 1) { int a; cin >> a; g[a].PB(i); } cout << dfs(0) << endl; return 0; }