#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include "bits/stdc++.h"
using namespace std;
#define FOR(i,j,k) for(int (i)=(j);(i)<(int)(k);++(i))
#define rep(i,j) FOR(i,0,j)
#define each(x,y) for(auto &(x):(y))
#define mp make_pair
#define MT make_tuple
#define all(x) (x).begin(),(x).end()
#define debug(x) cout<<#x<<": "<<(x)<<endl
#define smax(x,y) (x)=max((x),(y))
#define smin(x,y) (x)=min((x),(y))
#define MEM(x,y) memset((x),(y),sizeof (x))
#define sz(x) (int)(x).size()
#define RT return
using ll = long long;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using vi = vector<int>;
using vll = vector<ll>;

template<class Val>
struct BinaryIndexedTree {
    int n;
    vector<Val> t;
    BinaryIndexedTree() {}
    BinaryIndexedTree(int _n) :n(_n + 1), t(_n + 1) {}
    void add(int k, Val val) {
        k++;
        while (k < n) {
            t[k] += val;
            k += (k&-k);
        }
    }
    void set(int k, Val val) {
        add(k, -sum(k, k + 1));
        add(k, val);
    }
    Val sum(int k) {
        Val r = 0;
        while (k > 0) {
            r += t[k];
            k -= (k&-k);
        }
        return r;
    }
    Val sum(int l, int r) {
        return sum(r) - sum(l);
    }
};

int N;
vi G[200005];
BinaryIndexedTree<int> bit;
ll ans;

void f(int u) {
    ans += bit.sum(u);
    bit.add(u, 1);
    each(v, G[u]) {
        f(v);
    }
    bit.add(u, -1);
}

void solve() {
    cin >> N;
    rep(i, N - 1) {
        int p;
        cin >> p;
        G[p].push_back(i+1);
    }

    bit = BinaryIndexedTree<int>(N);
    f(0);
    cout << ans << endl;
}

int main() {
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	cin.tie(0);
	cout << fixed << setprecision(15);
	solve();
	return 0;
}