#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <queue>
#include <deque>
#include <stack>
#include <list>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <cmath>
#include <complex>
#include <iomanip>
#include <bitset>
#include <random>

using namespace std;
using i64 = int_fast64_t;
using ui64 = uint_fast64_t;
using db = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using pli = pair<int_fast64_t, int>;
using pll = pair<int_fast64_t, int_fast64_t>;
using pdi = pair<double, int>;
template <class T> using vct = vector<T>;
template <class T> using heap = priority_queue<T>;
template <class T> using minheap = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;
template <class T> constexpr T inf = numeric_limits<T>::max() / 4 - 1;
constexpr int dx[9] = {1, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, -1, 1, 0};
constexpr int dy[9] = {0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 0};
constexpr long double gold = 1.618033988;
constexpr long double eps = 1e-15;

#define mod 1000000007LL
#define stdout_precision 10
#define stderr_precision 2
#define itr(i,v) for(auto i = begin(v); i != end(v); ++i)
#define ritr(i,v) for(auto i = rbegin(v); i != rend(v); ++i)
#define rep(i,n) for(int i = 0; i < (n); ++i)
#define rrep(i,n) for(int i = (n) - 1; i >= 0; --i)
#define all(v) begin(v), end(v)
#define rall(v) rbegin(v), rend(v)
#define fir first
#define sec second
#define fro front
#define bac back
#define u_map unordered_map
#define u_set unordered_set
#define l_bnd lower_bound
#define u_bnd upper_bound
#define rsz resize
#define ers erase
#define emp emplace
#define emf emplace_front
#define emb emplace_back
#define pof pop_front
#define pob pop_back
#define mkp make_pair
#define mkt make_tuple
#define popcnt __builtin_popcount

struct setupper {
    setupper() {
        ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
        std::cin.tie(nullptr);
        std::cout.tie(nullptr);
        std::cerr.tie(nullptr);
        std::cout << fixed << setprecision(stdout_precision);
        std::cerr << fixed << setprecision(stderr_precision);
// #ifdef LOCAL
//         std::cerr << "\n---stderr---\n";
//         auto print_atexit = []() {
//             std::cerr << "Exec time : " << clock() / (double)CLOCKS_PER_SEC * 1000.0 << "ms\n";
//             std::cerr << "------------\n";
//         };
//         atexit((void(*)())print_atexit);
// #endif
    }
} setupper_;

namespace std {
    template <class T> void hash_combine(size_t &seed, T const &key) {
        seed ^= hash<T>()(key) + 0x9e3779b9 + (seed << 6) + (seed >> 2);
    }
    template <class T, class U> struct hash<pair<T,U>> {
        size_t operator()(pair<T,U> const &pr) const
        {
            size_t seed = 0;
            hash_combine(seed,pr.first);
            hash_combine(seed,pr.second);
            return seed;
        }
    };
    template <class Tup, size_t index = tuple_size<Tup>::value - 1> struct hashval_calc {
        static void apply(size_t& seed, Tup const& tup) {
            hashval_calc<Tup, index - 1>::apply(seed, tup);
            hash_combine(seed,get<index>(tup));
        }
    };
    template <class Tup> struct hashval_calc<Tup,0> {
        static void apply(size_t& seed, Tup const& tup) {
            hash_combine(seed,get<0>(tup));
        }
    };
    template <class ...T> struct hash<tuple<T...>> {
        size_t operator()(tuple<T...> const& tup) const
        {
            size_t seed = 0;
            hashval_calc<tuple<T...>>::apply(seed,tup);
            return seed;
        }
    };
}

template <class T, class U> istream &operator>> (istream &s, pair<T,U> &p) { return s >> p.first >> p.second; }
template <class T, class U> ostream &operator<< (ostream &s, const pair<T,U> p) { return s << p.first << " " << p.second; }
template <class T> ostream &operator<< (ostream &s, const vector<T> &v) {
    for(size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) s << (i ? " " : "") << v[i];
    return s;
}
#define dump(...) cerr << " [ " << __LINE__ << " : " << __FUNCTION__ << " ] " << #__VA_ARGS__ << " : ";\
dump_func(__VA_ARGS__)
template <class T> void dump_func(T x) { cerr << x << '\n'; }
template <class T,class ...Rest> void dump_func(T x, Rest ... rest) { cerr << x << ","; dump_func(rest...); }
template <class T = int> T read() { T x; return cin >> x, x; }
template <class T> void write(T x) { cout << x << '\n'; }
template <class T, class ...Rest> void write(T x, Rest ... rest) { cout << x << ' '; write(rest...); }
void writeln() {}
template <class T, class ...Rest> void writeln(T x, Rest ... rest) { cout << x << '\n'; writeln(rest...); }
#define esc(...) writeln(__VA_ARGS__), exit(0)

namespace updater {
    template <class T> static void add(T &x, const T &y) { x += y; }
    template <class T> static void ext_add(T &x, const T &y, size_t w) { x += y * w; }
    template <class T> static void mul(T &x, const T &y) { x *= y; }
    template <class T> static void ext_mul(T &x, const T &y, size_t w) { x *= (T)pow(y,w); }
    template <class T> static bool chmax(T &x, const T &y) { return x < y ? x = y,true : false; }
    template <class T> static bool chmin(T &x, const T &y) { return x > y ? x = y,true : false; }
};
using updater::chmax;
using updater::chmin;

template <class T> T minf(const T &x, const T &y) { return min(x,y); }
template <class T> T mixf(const T &x, const T &y) { return max(x,y); }
bool bit(i64 n, uint8_t e) { return (n >> e) & 1; }
i64 mask(i64 n, uint8_t e) { return n & ((1 << e) - 1); }
int ilog(uint64_t x, uint64_t b = 2) { return x ? 1 + ilog(x / b,b) : -1; }
template <class F> i64 binry(i64 ok, i64 ng, const F &fn) {
    while (abs(ok - ng) > 1) {
        i64 mid = (ok + ng) / 2;
        (fn(mid) ? ok : ng) = mid;
    }
    return ok;
}
template <class A, size_t N, class T> void init(A (&array)[N], const T &val) { fill((T*)array,(T*)(array + N),val); }
template <class A> void cmprs(A ary[], size_t n) {
    vector<A> tmp(ary,ary + n);
    tmp.erase(unique(begin(tmp),end(tmp)), end(tmp));
    for(A *i = ary; i != ary + n; ++i) *i = l_bnd(all(tmp),*i) - begin(tmp);
}
template <class T> void cmprs(vector<T> &v) {
    vector<T> tmp = v; sort(begin(tmp),end(tmp));
    tmp.erase(unique(begin(tmp),end(tmp)), end(tmp));
    for(auto i = begin(v); i != end(v); ++i) *i = l_bnd(all(tmp),*i) - begin(tmp);
}
template <class F> void for_subset(uint_fast64_t s, const F &fn) {
    uint_fast64_t tmp = s;
    do { fn(tmp); } while((--tmp &= s) != s);
}

template <class Monoid, class T = Monoid, size_t N = 1 << 20>
struct Segtree {
    using opr_t = function<Monoid(const Monoid&, const Monoid&)>;
    using update_opr_t = function<void(Monoid&, const T&)>;
    const opr_t opr;
    const update_opr_t update_opr;
    const Monoid idel;
    Monoid data[N << 1];
    const size_t n;

    Segtree(size_t n_, Monoid idel_, const opr_t &opr_, const update_opr_t &update_opr_)
        : n(n_),opr(opr_),update_opr(update_opr_),idel(idel_)
    {
        fill(begin(data),end(data),idel);
    }

    template <class P> void copy(P s, P t) {
        for(size_t i = N; s != t; ++s, ++i) data[i] = *s;
        for(size_t i = N - 1; i; --i) data[i] = opr(data[i * 2],data[i * 2 + 1]);
    }

    template <class A> void copy(const A &v) {
        copy(begin(v),end(v));
    }

    void update(size_t idx, T val) {
        update_opr(data[idx += N],val);
        while(idx >>= 1) data[idx] = opr(data[idx * 2],data[idx * 2 + 1]);
    }

    Monoid query(size_t a, size_t b, bool is_first = true) {
        if(a >= b) return idel;
        if(is_first) a += N,b += N;
        Monoid left = a & 1 ? data[a++] : idel;
        Monoid right = b & 1 ? data[--b] : idel;
        return opr(opr(left,query(a >> 1,b >> 1,false)),right);
    }

    size_t segbound(size_t i, const function<bool(Monoid,size_t)> &judge) {
        size_t w = 1,rig = i,j = N << 1;
        i += N;
        while(i != j) {
            if(i & 1) {
                rig += w;
                if(!judge(data[i],w)) break;
                i++;
            }
            i >>= 1,j >>= 1,w <<= 1;
        }
        if(i == j) return n;
        while(w > 1) {
            if(judge(data[i <<= 1],w >>= 1)) ++i;
            else rig -= w;
        }
        return min(n,--rig);
    }

    struct sum_lower_bound_fn {
        Monoid x;
        sum_lower_bound_fn(Monoid x_) : x(x_) {}
        bool operator()(Monoid v, size_t w) {
            return v < x ? x -= v,true : false;
        }
    };

    size_t sum_lower_bound(size_t i, Monoid v) {
        return segbound(i, sum_lower_bound_fn(v));
    }

    struct sum_upper_bound_fn {
        Monoid x;
        sum_upper_bound_fn(Monoid x_) : x(x_) {}
        bool operator()(Monoid v, size_t w) {
            return v <= x ? x -= v,true : false;
        }
    };

    size_t sum_upper_bound(size_t i, Monoid v) {
        return segbound(i, sum_upper_bound_fn(v));
    }
};


int n;
int a[1<<18];
vector<int> G[1<<18];
i64 ans;

Segtree<int> sg(
    200010,0,
    plus<int>(),
    updater::add<int>
);

void dfs(int v) {
    ans+=sg.query(0,v);
    sg.update(v,1);
    for(int i:G[v]) {
        dfs(i);
    }
    sg.update(v,-1);
}

signed main() {
    cin>>n;
    rep(i,n-1) {
        int a; cin>>a;
        G[a].emplace_back(i+1);
    }
    dfs(0);
    writeln(ans);
}