using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Specialized;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using static System.Math;
using System.Numerics;
static class Program{
	const int mod=(int)1e9+7;
	static List<int>[] li;
	static bool[] b;
	static long ans=0;
	static Bit bit;
	static void Main(){
		Sc sc=new Sc();
		var s=sc.Ia;
		int n=s[0];
		li=new List<int>[n];
		b=new bool[n];
		var a=sc.Ia;
		for(int i=0;i<n;i++){li[i]=new List<int>();}
		for(int i=0;i<n-1;i++){li[a[i]].Add(i+1);}
		bit=new Bit(n);
		Fu(0);
		Console.WriteLine("{0}",ans);
	}
	static void Fu(int a){
		ans+=bit.Get2(1,a+1);
		bit.Ud(a+1,1);
		for(int i=0;i<li[a].Count;i++){Fu(li[a][i]);}
		bit.Ud(a+1,-1);
	}
}
public class Bit{
	private int n;
	private long[] bit;
	public Bit(int n){
		this.n=n;
		bit=new long[n+1];
	}
	public void Ud(int a,long p){while(a<=n){bit[a]+=p;a+=a&-a;}}
	public long Get(int n){
		long a=0;
		while(n>0){a+=bit[n];n-=n&-n;}
		return a;
	}
	public long Get2(int m,int n){
		long a=0,b=0;
		m--;
		while(n>m){a+=bit[n];n-=n&-n;}
		if(n==m){return a;}
		while(n!=m){b+=bit[m];m-=m&-m;}
		return a-b;
	}
	public void Clear(){bit=new long[n+1];}
}
public class Sc{
	public int I{get{return int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());}}
	public long L{get{return long.Parse(Console.ReadLine());}}
	public double D{get{return double.Parse(Console.ReadLine());}}
	public string S{get{return Console.ReadLine();}}
	public int[] Ia{get{return Array.ConvertAll(Console.ReadLine().Split(),int.Parse);}}
	public long[] La{get{return Array.ConvertAll(Console.ReadLine().Split(),long.Parse);}}
	public double[] Da{get{return Array.ConvertAll(Console.ReadLine().Split(),double.Parse);}}
	public string[] Sa{get{return Console.ReadLine().Split();}}
	public object[] Oa{get{return Console.ReadLine().Split();}}
	public int[] Ia2{get{return Array.ConvertAll(("0 "+Console.ReadLine()+" 0").Split(),int.Parse);}}
	public int[] Ia3(int a){return Array.ConvertAll((a.ToString()+" "+Console.ReadLine()).Split(),int.Parse);}
	public int[] Ia3(bool a,int b,bool c,int d){return Array.ConvertAll(((a?b.ToString()+" ":"")+Console.ReadLine()+(c?" "+d.ToString():"")).Split(),int.Parse);}
	public long[] La2{get{return Array.ConvertAll(("0 "+Console.ReadLine()+" 0").Split(),long.Parse);}}
	public long[] La3(int a){return Array.ConvertAll((a.ToString()+" "+Console.ReadLine()).Split(),long.Parse);}
	public long[] La3(bool a,int b,bool c,int d){return Array.ConvertAll(((a?b.ToString()+" ":"")+Console.ReadLine()+(c?" "+d.ToString():"")).Split(),long.Parse);}
	public double[] Da2{get{return Array.ConvertAll(("0 "+Console.ReadLine()+" 0").Split(),double.Parse);}}
	public double[] Da3(int a){return Array.ConvertAll((a.ToString()+" "+Console.ReadLine()).Split(),double.Parse);}
	public double[] Da3(bool a,int b,bool c,int d){return Array.ConvertAll(((a?b.ToString()+" ":"")+Console.ReadLine()+(c?" "+d.ToString():"")).Split(),double.Parse);}
	public T[] Arr<T>(int n,Func<T> f){var a=new T[n];for(int i=0;i<n;i++){a[i]=f();}return a;}
	public T[] Arr<T>(int n,Func<int,T> f){var a=new T[n];for(int i=0;i<n;i++){a[i]=f(i);}return a;}
	public T[] Arr<T>(int n,Func<string[],T> f){var a=new T[n];for(int i=0;i<n;i++){a[i]=f(Console.ReadLine().Split());}return a;}
	public T[] Arr<T>(int n,Func<int,string[],T> f){var a=new T[n];for(int i=0;i<n;i++){a[i]=f(i,Console.ReadLine().Split());}return a;}
}