#{{{ header {.hints:off warnings:off optimization:speed.} import algorithm, sequtils, tables, macros, math, sets, strutils, strformat, sugar when defined(MYDEBUG): import header import streams proc scanf(formatstr: cstring){.header: "", varargs.} #proc getchar(): char {.header: "", varargs.} proc nextInt(): int = scanf("%lld",addr result) proc nextFloat(): float = scanf("%lf",addr result) proc nextString[F](f:F): string = var get = false result = "" while true: # let c = getchar() let c = f.readChar if c.int > ' '.int: get = true result.add(c) elif get: return proc nextInt[F](f:F): int = parseInt(f.nextString) proc nextFloat[F](f:F): float = parseFloat(f.nextString) proc nextString():string = stdin.nextString() template `max=`*(x,y:typed):void = x = max(x,y) template `min=`*(x,y:typed):void = x = min(x,y) template inf(T): untyped = when T is SomeFloat: T(Inf) elif T is SomeInteger: ((T(1) shl T(sizeof(T)*8-2)) - (T(1) shl T(sizeof(T)*4-1))) else: assert(false) proc discardableId[T](x: T): T {.discardable.} = return x macro `:=`(x, y: untyped): untyped = var strBody = "" if x.kind == nnkPar: for i,xi in x: strBody &= fmt""" {xi.repr} := {y[i].repr} """ else: strBody &= fmt""" when declaredInScope({x.repr}): {x.repr} = {y.repr} else: var {x.repr} = {y.repr} """ strBody &= fmt"discardableId({x.repr})" parseStmt(strBody) proc toStr[T](v:T):string = proc `$`[T](v:seq[T]):string = v.mapIt($it).join(" ") return $v proc print0(x: varargs[string, toStr]; sep:string):string{.discardable.} = result = "" for i,v in x: if i != 0: addSep(result, sep = sep) add(result, v) result.add("\n") stdout.write result var print:proc(x: varargs[string, toStr]) print = proc(x: varargs[string, toStr]) = discard print0(@x, sep = " ") template makeSeq(x:int; init):auto = when init is typedesc: newSeq[init](x) else: newSeqWith(x, init) macro Seq(lens: varargs[int]; init):untyped = var a = fmt"{init.repr}" for i in countdown(lens.len - 1, 0): a = fmt"makeSeq({lens[i].repr}, {a})" parseStmt(a) template makeArray(x; init):auto = when init is typedesc: var v:array[x, init] else: var v:array[x, init.type] for a in v.mitems: a = init v macro Array(lens: varargs[typed], init):untyped = var a = fmt"{init.repr}" for i in countdown(lens.len - 1, 0): a = fmt"makeArray({lens[i].repr}, {a})" parseStmt(a) # }}} const Mod = 10^9 + 9 #const Mod = 998244353 # ModInt {{{ # ModInt[Mod] {{{ type ModInt[Mod: static[int]] = object v:int32 proc initModInt(a:SomeInteger, Mod:static[int]):ModInt[Mod] = var a = a.int a = a mod Mod if a < 0: a += Mod result.v = a.int32 proc getMod[Mod:static[int]](self: ModInt[Mod]):static int32 = self.Mod proc getMod[Mod:static[int]](self: typedesc[ModInt[Mod]]):static int32 = self.Mod macro declareModInt(Mod:static[int], t: untyped):untyped = var strBody = "" strBody &= fmt""" type {t.repr} = ModInt[{Mod.repr}] converter to{t.repr}(a:SomeInteger):{t.repr} = initModInt(a, {Mod.repr}) proc init{t.repr}(a:SomeInteger):{t.repr} = initModInt(a, {Mod.repr}) proc `$`(a:{t.repr}):string = $(a.v) """ parseStmt(strBody) when declared(Mod): declareModInt(Mod, Mint) ##}}} # DynamicModInt {{{ type DMint = object v:int32 proc setModSub(self:typedesc[not ModInt], m:int = -1, update = false):int32 = {.noSideEffect.}: var DMOD {.global.}:int32 if update: DMOD = m.int32 return DMOD proc fastMod(a:int,m:uint32):uint32{.inline.} = var minus = false a = a if a < 0: minus = true a = -a elif a < m.int: return a.uint32 var xh = (a shr 32).uint32 xl = a.uint32 d:uint32 asm """ "divl %4; \n\t" : "=a" (`d`), "=d" (`result`) : "d" (`xh`), "a" (`xl`), "r" (`m`) """ if minus and result > 0'u32: result = m - result proc initDMint(a:SomeInteger, Mod:int):DMint = result.v = fastMod(a.int, Mod.uint32).int32 proc getMod[T:not ModInt](self: T):int32 = T.type.setModSub() proc getMod(self: typedesc[not ModInt]):int32 = self.setModSub() proc setMod(self: typedesc[not ModInt], m:int) = discard self.setModSub(m, update = true) #}}} # Operations {{{ type ModIntC = concept x, type T x.v x.v is int32 x.getMod() is int32 when T isnot ModInt: setMod(T, int) type SomeIntC = concept x x is SomeInteger or x is ModIntC proc Identity(self:ModIntC):auto = result = self;result.v = 1 proc init[Mod:static[int]](self:ModInt[Mod], a:SomeIntC):ModInt[Mod] = when a is SomeInteger: initModInt(a, Mod) else: a proc init(self:ModIntC and not ModInt, a:SomeIntC):auto = when a is SomeInteger: var r = self.type.default r.v = fastMod(a.int, self.getMod().uint32).int32 r else: a macro declareDMintConverter(t:untyped) = parseStmt(fmt""" converter to{t.repr}(a:SomeInteger):{t.repr} = let Mod = {t.repr}.getMod() if Mod > 0: result.v = fastMod(a.int, Mod.uint32).int32 else: result.v = a.int32 return result """) declareDMintConverter(DMint) macro declareDMint(t:untyped) = parseStmt(fmt""" type {t.repr} {{.borrow: `.`.}} = distinct DMint declareDMintConverter({t.repr}) """) proc `*=`(self:var ModIntC, a:SomeIntC) = when self is ModInt: self.v = (self.v.int * self.init(a).v.int mod self.getMod().int).int32 else: self.v = fastMod(self.v.int * self.init(a).v.int, self.getMod().uint32).int32 proc `==`(a:ModIntC, b:SomeIntC):bool = a.v == a.init(b).v proc `!=`(a:ModIntC, b:SomeIntC):bool = a.v != a.init(b).v proc `-`(self:ModIntC):auto = if self.v == 0: return self else: return self.init(self.getMod() - self.v) proc `$`(a:ModIntC):string = return $(a.v) proc `+=`(self:var ModIntC; a:SomeIntC) = self.v += self.init(a).v if self.v >= self.getMod(): self.v -= self.getMod() proc `-=`(self:var ModIntC, a:SomeIntC) = self.v -= self.init(a).v if self.v < 0: self.v += self.getMod() proc `^=`(self:var ModIntC, n:SomeInteger) = var (x,n,a) = (self,n,self.Identity) while n > 0: if (n and 1) > 0: a *= x x *= x n = (n shr 1) swap(self, a) proc inverse(self: ModIntC):auto = var a = self.v.int b = self.getMod().int u = 1 v = 0 while b > 0: let t = a div b a -= t * b;swap(a, b) u -= t * v;swap(u, v) return self.init(u) proc `/=`(a:var ModIntC,b:SomeIntC) = a *= a.init(b).inverse() proc `+`(a:ModIntC,b:SomeIntC):auto = result = a;result += b proc `-`(a:ModIntC,b:SomeIntC):auto = result = a;result -= b proc `*`(a:ModIntC,b:SomeIntC):auto = result = a;result *= b proc `/`(a:ModIntC,b:SomeIntC):auto = result = a;result /= b proc `^`(a:ModIntC,b:SomeInteger):auto = result = a;result ^= b # }}} # }}} #{{{ FastFourierTransform # clongdouble {{{ proc `+`(a, b:clongdouble):clongdouble {.importcpp: "(#) + (@)", nodecl.} proc `-`(a, b:clongdouble):clongdouble {.importcpp: "(#) - (@)", nodecl.} proc `*`(a, b:clongdouble):clongdouble {.importcpp: "(#) * (@)", nodecl.} proc `/`(a, b:clongdouble):clongdouble {.importcpp: "(#) / (@)", nodecl.} proc `-`(a:clongdouble):clongdouble {.importcpp: "-(#)", nodecl.} proc sqrt(a:clongdouble):clongdouble {.header: "", importcpp: "sqrtl(#)", nodecl.} proc exp(a:clongdouble):clongdouble {.header: "", importcpp: "expl(#)", nodecl.} proc sin(a:clongdouble):clongdouble {.header: "", importcpp: "sinl(#)", nodecl.} proc acos(a:clongdouble):clongdouble {.header: "", importcpp: "acosl(#)", nodecl.} proc cos(a:clongdouble):clongdouble {.header: "", importcpp: "cosl(#)", nodecl.} proc llround(a:clongdouble):int {.header: "", importcpp: "std::llround(#)", nodecl.} # }}} import math, sequtils, bitops type Real = float #type Real = clongdouble type C = tuple[x, y:Real] proc initC[S,T](x:S, y:T):C = (Real(x), Real(y)) proc `+`(a,b:C):C = initC(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y) proc `-`(a,b:C):C = initC(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y) proc `*`(a,b:C):C = initC(a.x * b.x - a.y * b.y, a.x * b.y + a.y * b.x) proc conj(a:C):C = initC(a.x, -a.y) type SeqC = object real, imag: seq[Real] proc initSeqC(n:int):SeqC = SeqC(real: newSeqWith(n, Real(0)), imag: newSeqWith(n, Real(0))) proc setLen(self: var SeqC, n:int) = self.real.setLen(n) self.imag.setLen(n) proc swap(self: var SeqC, i, j:int) = swap(self.real[i], self.real[j]) swap(self.imag[i], self.imag[j]) type FastFourierTransform = object of RootObj base:int rts: SeqC rev:seq[int] proc getC(self: SeqC, i:int):C = (self.real[i], self.imag[i]) proc `[]`(self: SeqC, i:int):C = self.getC(i) proc `[]=`(self: var SeqC, i:int, x:C) = self.real[i] = x.x self.imag[i] = x.y proc initFastFourierTransform():FastFourierTransform = return FastFourierTransform(base:1, rts: SeqC(real: @[Real(0), Real(1)], imag: @[Real(0), Real(0)]), rev: @[0, 1]) #proc init(self:typedesc[FastFourierTransform]):auto = initFastFourierTransform() proc ensureBase(self:var FastFourierTransform; nbase:int) = if nbase <= self.base: return let L = 1 shl nbase self.rev.setlen(1 shl nbase) self.rts.setlen(1 shl nbase) for i in 0..<(1 shl nbase): self.rev[i] = (self.rev[i shr 1] shr 1) + ((i and 1) shl (nbase - 1)) while self.base < nbase: let angle = acos(Real(-1)) * Real(2) / Real(1 shl (self.base + 1)) for i in (1 shl (self.base - 1))..<(1 shl self.base): self.rts[i shl 1] = self.rts[i] let angle_i = angle * Real(2 * i + 1 - (1 shl self.base)) self.rts[(i shl 1) + 1] = initC(cos(angle_i), sin(angle_i)) self.base.inc proc fft(self:var FastFourierTransform; a:var SeqC, n:int) = assert((n and (n - 1)) == 0) let zeros = countTrailingZeroBits(n) self.ensureBase(zeros) let shift = self.base - zeros for i in 0..0: fa[i shr 1].y else: fa[i shr 1].x) return ret var fft_t = initFastFourierTransform() #}}} #{{{ ArbitraryModConvolution type FFTType = SeqC type ArbitraryModConvolution[ModInt] = object proc init[ModInt](t:typedesc[ArbitraryModConvolution[ModInt]]):auto = ArbitraryModConvolution[ModInt]() proc ceil_log2(n:int):int = result = 0 while (1 shl result) < n: result.inc proc fft[ModInt](self: var ArbitraryModConvolution[ModInt], a:seq[ModInt]):SeqC = doAssert((a.len and (a.len - 1)) == 0) let l = ceil_log2(a.len) fft_t.ensureBase(l) result = initSeqC(a.len) for i in 0..= cmb.fact_a.len: if cmb.fact_a.len == 0: cmb.fact_a = @[T(1)] cmb.rfact_a = @[T(1)] let sz_old = cmb.fact_a.len - 1 let sz = max(sz_old * 2, k) cmb.fact_a.setlen(sz + 1) cmb.rfact_a.setlen(sz + 1) for i in sz_old + 1..sz: cmb.fact_a[i] = cmb.fact_a[i-1] * T(i) cmb.rfact_a[sz] = T(1) / cmb.fact_a[sz] for i in countdown(sz - 1, sz_old + 1): cmb.rfact_a[i] = cmb.rfact_a[i + 1] * T(i + 1) when t == 0: return cmb.fact_a[k] elif t == 1: return cmb.rfact_a[k] elif t == 2: # reset cmb.fact_a.setLen(0) cmb.rfact_a.setLen(0) return T(0) template resetCombination(T:typedesc[IntC] or var Combination) = T.getVal(2, 0) proc getVal(T:typedesc[IntC], t:static[int], k:int):auto {.discardable.} = var cmb{.global.} = Combination[T]() return cmb.getVal(t, k) template zero(T:typedesc[IntC]):T = T(0) template zero[T](cmb:Combination[T]):T = T(0) template fact(T:CombinationC, k:int):auto = T.getVal(0, k) template rfact(T:CombinationC, k:int):auto = T.getVal(1, k) template inv(T:CombinationC, k:int):auto = T.fact(k - 1) * T.rfact(k) template Perm(T:CombinationC, n,r:int):auto = if r < 0 or n < r: T.zero() else: T.fact(n) * T.rfact(n - r) template Comb(T:CombinationC, n,r:int):auto = if r < 0 or n < r: T(0) else: T.fact(n) * T.rfact(r) * T.rfact(n - r) template HComb(T:CombinationC, n,r:int):auto = if n < 0 or r < 0: T(0) elif r == 0: T(1) else: T.C(n + r - 1, r) # }}} type BaseFFT[T] = ArbitraryModConvolution[T] # FormalPowerSeries {{{ when not declared USE_FFT: const USE_FFT = true type FieldElem = concept x, type T x + x x - x x * x x / x import sugar, sequtils, strformat type FormalPowerSeries[T:FieldElem] = seq[T] proc initFormalPowerSeries[T:FieldElem](n:int):auto = FormalPowerSeries[T](newSeq[T](n)) template initFormalPowerSeries[T](data: openArray[typed]):FormalPowerSeries[T] = data.mapIt(T(it)) proc `$`[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T]):string = return self.mapIt($it).join(" ") macro revise(a, b) = parseStmt(fmt"""let {a.repr} = if {a.repr} == -1: {b.repr} else: {a.repr}""") #{{{ sqrt type SQRT[T] = proc(t:T):T proc sqrtSub[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T], update: bool, f:SQRT[T]):(bool, SQRT[T]){.discardable.} = var is_set{.global.} = false var sqr{.global.}:SQRT[T] = nil if update: is_set = true sqr = f return (is_set, sqr) proc isSetSqrt[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T]):bool = return self.sqrtSub(false, nil)[0] proc setSqrt[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T], f: SQRT[T]):SQRT[T]{.discardable.} = return self.sqrtSub(true, f)[1] proc getSqrt[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T]):SQRT[T]{.discardable.} = return self.sqrtSub(false, nil)[1] #}}} proc shrink[T](self: var FormalPowerSeries[T]) = while self.len > 0 and self[^1] == 0: discard self.pop() #{{{ operators +=, -=, *=, mod=, -, /= proc `+=`(self: var FormalPowerSeries, r:FormalPowerSeries) = if r.len > self.len: self.setlen(r.len) for i in 0.. self.len: self.setlen(r.len) for i in 0..= 1: result.delete(0, sz - 1) proc `shl`[T](self: FormalPowerSeries[T], sz:int):auto = result = initFormalPowerSeries[T](sz) result = result & self proc diff[T](self: FormalPowerSeries[T]):auto = let n = self.len result = initFormalPowerSeries[T](max(0, n - 1)) for i in 1.. 0: return initFormalPowerSeries[T](0) if deg - i div 2 <= 0: break result = (self shr i).sqrt(deg - i div 2) if result.len == 0: return initFormalPowerSeries[T](0) result = result shl (i div 2) if result.len < deg: result.setlen(deg) return return initFormalPowerSeries[T](deg) var ret:FormalPowerSeries[T] if self.isSetSqrt: let sqr = self.getSqrt()(self[0]) if sqr * sqr != self[0]: return initFormalPowerSeries[T](0) ret = initFormalPowerSeries[T](@[T(sqr)]) else: doAssert(self[0] == 1) ret = initFormalPowerSeries[T](@[T(1)]) let inv2 = T(1) / T(2); var i = 1 while i < deg: ret = (ret + self.pre(i shl 1) * ret.inv(i shl 1)) * inv2 i = i shl 1 return ret.pre(deg) # F(0) must be 0 proc exp[T](self: FormalPowerSeries[T], deg = -1):auto = doAssert self[0] == 0 deg.revise(self.len) when declared(BaseFFT): var fft = BaseFFT[T].init() proc onlineConvolutionExp[T](self: FormalPowerSeries[T], conv_coeff:FormalPowerSeries[T]):auto = let n = conv_coeff.len doAssert((n and (n - 1)) == 0) var conv_ntt_coeff = newSeq[FFTType]() var i = n while (i shr 1) > 0: var g = conv_coeff.pre(i) conv_ntt_coeff.add(fft.fft(g)) i = i shr 1 var conv_arg, conv_ret = initFormalPowerSeries[T](n) proc rec(l,r,d:int) = if r - l <= 16: for i in l.. deg: return initFormalPowerSeries[T](deg) result = (result shl (i * k)).pre(deg) if result.len < deg: result.setlen(deg) return return self proc eval[T](self: FormalPowerSeries[T], x:T):T = var r = T(0) w = T(1) for v in self: r += w * v w *= x return r proc powMod[T](self: FormalPowerSeries[T], n:int, M:FormalPowerSeries[T]):auto = let modinv = M.rev().inv() proc getDiv(base:FormalPowerSeries[T]):FormalPowerSeries[T] = var base = base if base.len < M.len: base.setlen(0) return base let n = base.len - M.len + 1 return (base.rev().pre(n) * modinv.pre(n)).pre(n).rev(n) var n = n x = self ret = initFormalPowerSeries[T](@[T(1)]) while n > 0: if (n and 1) > 0: ret *= x ret -= getDiv(ret) * M x *= x x -= getDiv(x) * M n = n shr 1 return ret # operators +, -, *, div, mod {{{ proc `+`[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T];r:FormalPowerSeries[T] or T):FormalPowerSeries[T] = result = self;result += r proc `-`[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T];r:FormalPowerSeries[T] or T):FormalPowerSeries[T] = result = self;result -= r proc `*`[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T];r:FormalPowerSeries[T] or T):FormalPowerSeries[T] = result = self;result *= r proc `/`[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T];r:FormalPowerSeries[T] or T):FormalPowerSeries[T] = result = self;result /= r proc `div`[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T];r:FormalPowerSeries[T]):FormalPowerSeries[T] = result = self;result.`div=` (r) proc `mod`[T](self:FormalPowerSeries[T];r:FormalPowerSeries[T]):FormalPowerSeries[T] = result = self;result.`mod=` (r) # }}} # }}} proc modPow[T](x,n,p:T):T = var (x,n) = (x,n) result = T(1) while n > 0: if (n and 1) > 0: result *= x; result = result mod p x *= x; x = x mod p n = (n shr 1) # modSqrt {{{ proc modSqrt[T](a, p:T):T = if a == 0: return 0 if p == 2: return a if modPow(a, (p - 1) shr 1, p) != 1: return -1 var b = T(1) while modPow(b, (p - 1) shr 1, p) == 1: b.inc var e = T(0) m = p - 1 while m mod 2 == 0: m = m shr 1; e.inc var x = modPow(a, (m - 1) shr 1, p) y = a * (x * x mod p) mod p x = (x * a) mod p var z = modPow(b, m, p); while y != 1: var j = T(0) t = y while t != 1: j.inc t = (t * t) mod p z = modPow(z, T(1) shl (e - j - 1), p) x = (x * z) mod p z = (z * z) mod p y = (y * z) mod p e = j return x #}}} let N = nextInt() let im = modSqrt(Mod-1, Mod) var f = Mint(1) P = initFormalPowerSeries[Mint](N + 1) for i in 1..N: f *= Mint(i) P[i] = Mint(i + 1)^2 let e1 = exp(P * im) e2 = exp(P * (-im)) sinP = (e1 - e2) / (Mint(im) * 2) cosP = (e1 + e2) / Mint(2) ans = (sinP + cosP) * f for i,a in ans: if i > 0: echo a