#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES #include using namespace std; #define FOR(i,m,n) for(int i=(m);i<(n);++i) #define REP(i,n) FOR(i,0,n) #define ALL(v) (v).begin(),(v).end() using ll = long long; const int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f; const ll LINF = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL; const double EPS = 1e-8; const int MOD = 998244353; const int dy[] = {1, 0, -1, 0}, dx[] = {0, -1, 0, 1}; const int dy8[] = {1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1}, dx8[] = {0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1}; template inline bool chmax(T &a, U b) { return a < b ? (a = b, true) : false; } template inline bool chmin(T &a, U b) { return a > b ? (a = b, true) : false; } struct IOSetup { IOSetup() { cin.tie(nullptr); ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false); cout << fixed << setprecision(20); } } iosetup; int mod = MOD; struct ModInt { unsigned val; ModInt(): val(0) {} ModInt(ll x) : val(x >= 0 ? x % mod : x % mod + mod) {} ModInt pow(ll exponent) const { ModInt tmp = *this, res = 1; while (exponent > 0) { if (exponent & 1) res *= tmp; tmp *= tmp; exponent >>= 1; } return res; } ModInt &operator+=(const ModInt &x) { if((val += x.val) >= mod) val -= mod; return *this; } ModInt &operator-=(const ModInt &x) { if((val += mod - x.val) >= mod) val -= mod; return *this; } ModInt &operator*=(const ModInt &x) { val = static_cast(val) * x.val % mod; return *this; } ModInt &operator/=(const ModInt &x) { // assert(__gcd(static_cast(x.val), mod) == 1); unsigned a = x.val, b = mod; int u = 1, v = 0; while (b) { unsigned tmp = a / b; swap(a -= tmp * b, b); swap(u -= tmp * v, v); } return *this *= u; } bool operator==(const ModInt &x) const { return val == x.val; } bool operator!=(const ModInt &x) const { return val != x.val; } bool operator<(const ModInt &x) const { return val < x.val; } bool operator<=(const ModInt &x) const { return val <= x.val; } bool operator>(const ModInt &x) const { return val > x.val; } bool operator>=(const ModInt &x) const { return val >= x.val; } ModInt &operator++() { if (++val == mod) val = 0; return *this; } ModInt operator++(int) { ModInt res = *this; ++*this; return res; } ModInt &operator--() { val = (val == 0 ? mod : val) - 1; return *this; } ModInt operator--(int) { ModInt res = *this; --*this; return res; } ModInt operator+() const { return *this; } ModInt operator-() const { return ModInt(val ? mod - val : 0); } ModInt operator+(const ModInt &x) const { return ModInt(*this) += x; } ModInt operator-(const ModInt &x) const { return ModInt(*this) -= x; } ModInt operator*(const ModInt &x) const { return ModInt(*this) *= x; } ModInt operator/(const ModInt &x) const { return ModInt(*this) /= x; } friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const ModInt &x) { return os << x.val; } friend istream &operator>>(istream &is, ModInt &x) { ll val; is >> val; x = ModInt(val); return is; } }; ModInt abs(const ModInt &x) { return x; } struct Combinatorics { int val; // "val!" and "mod" must be disjoint. vector fact, fact_inv, inv; Combinatorics(int val = 10000000) : val(val), fact(val + 1), fact_inv(val + 1), inv(val + 1) { fact[0] = 1; FOR(i, 1, val + 1) fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i; fact_inv[val] = ModInt(1) / fact[val]; for (int i = val; i > 0; --i) fact_inv[i - 1] = fact_inv[i] * i; FOR(i, 1, val + 1) inv[i] = fact[i - 1] * fact_inv[i]; } ModInt nCk(int n, int k) const { if (n < 0 || n < k || k < 0) return ModInt(0); // assert(n <= val && k <= val); return fact[n] * fact_inv[k] * fact_inv[n - k]; } ModInt nPk(int n, int k) const { if (n < 0 || n < k || k < 0) return ModInt(0); // assert(n <= val); return fact[n] * fact_inv[n - k]; } ModInt nHk(int n, int k) const { if (n < 0 || k < 0) return ModInt(0); return k == 0 ? ModInt(1) : nCk(n + k - 1, k); } }; template struct BIT0based { BIT0based(int n, const Abelian UNITY = 0) : n(n), UNITY(UNITY), dat(n, UNITY) {} void add(int idx, Abelian val) { while (idx < n) { dat[idx] += val; idx |= idx + 1; } } Abelian sum(int idx) const { Abelian res = UNITY; --idx; while (idx >= 0) { res += dat[idx]; idx = (idx & (idx + 1)) - 1; } return res; } Abelian sum(int left, int right) const { return left < right ? sum(right) - sum(left) : UNITY; } Abelian operator[](const int idx) const { return sum(idx, idx + 1); } int lower_bound(Abelian val) const { if (val <= UNITY) return 0; int res = 0, exponent = 1; while (exponent <= n) exponent <<= 1; for (int mask = exponent >> 1; mask > 0; mask >>= 1) { if (res + mask - 1 < n && dat[res + mask - 1] < val) { val -= dat[res + mask - 1]; res += mask; } } return res; } private: int n; const Abelian UNITY; vector dat; }; int main() { int n; cin >> n; vector a(n); REP(i, n) cin >> a[i]; vector b(a); sort(ALL(b)); b.erase(unique(ALL(b)), b.end()); REP(i, n) a[i] = lower_bound(ALL(b), a[i]) - b.begin(); int m = b.size(); vector mp(m, 0); REP(i, n) ++mp[a[i]]; ll mx = 0; int small = 0; REP(i, m) { mx += 1LL * (n - small - mp[i]) * mp[i]; small += mp[i]; } Combinatorics com(n); ModInt mul = 1; FOR(i, 1, n + 1) mul *= com.nCk(n, i); ModInt tmp = 0, ans = 0; FOR(i, 1, n + 1) { ans += mul * mx * tmp * com.nCk(n - 1, i - 1) / com.nCk(n, i); tmp += com.nCk(n - 1, i - 1) / com.nCk(n, i); } ModInt tmp2 = 0; FOR(i, 1, n + 1) tmp2 += mul * com.nCk(n - 2, i - 2) / com.nCk(n, i); BIT0based bit(m); REP(i, n) { ans += tmp2 * bit.sum(a[i] + 1, m); bit.add(a[i], 1); } cout << ans << '\n'; return 0; }