/** * author: otera **/ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include using namespace std; #define int long long typedef long long ll; typedef unsigned long long ul; typedef unsigned int ui; typedef long double ld; const int inf=1e9+7; const ll INF=1LL<<60 ; const ll mod=1e9+7 ; #define rep(i,n) for(int i=0;i=0;i--) #define Rep(i,sta,n) for(int i=sta;i=1;i--) #define Rep1(i,sta,n) for(int i=sta;i<=n;i++) typedef complex Point; const ld eps = 1e-8; const ld pi = acos(-1.0); typedef pair P; typedef pair LDP; typedef pair LP; #define fr first #define sc second #define all(c) c.begin(),c.end() #define pb push_back #define debug(x) cerr << #x << " = " << (x) << endl; template inline bool chmax(T& a, T b) { if (a < b) { a = b; return 1; } return 0; } template inline bool chmin(T& a, T b) { if (a > b) { a = b; return 1; } return 0; } // modint: mod 計算を int を扱うように扱える構造体 template struct Fp { long long val; constexpr Fp(long long v = 0) noexcept : val(v % MOD) { if (val < 0) val += MOD; } constexpr int getmod() { return MOD; } constexpr Fp operator - () const noexcept { return val ? MOD - val : 0; } constexpr Fp operator + (const Fp& r) const noexcept { return Fp(*this) += r; } constexpr Fp operator - (const Fp& r) const noexcept { return Fp(*this) -= r; } constexpr Fp operator * (const Fp& r) const noexcept { return Fp(*this) *= r; } constexpr Fp operator / (const Fp& r) const noexcept { return Fp(*this) /= r; } constexpr Fp& operator += (const Fp& r) noexcept { val += r.val; if (val >= MOD) val -= MOD; return *this; } constexpr Fp& operator -= (const Fp& r) noexcept { val -= r.val; if (val < 0) val += MOD; return *this; } constexpr Fp& operator *= (const Fp& r) noexcept { val = val * r.val % MOD; return *this; } constexpr Fp& operator /= (const Fp& r) noexcept { long long a = r.val, b = MOD, u = 1, v = 0; while (b) { long long t = a / b; a -= t * b; swap(a, b); u -= t * v; swap(u, v); } val = val * u % MOD; if (val < 0) val += MOD; return *this; } constexpr bool operator == (const Fp& r) const noexcept { return this->val == r.val; } constexpr bool operator != (const Fp& r) const noexcept { return this->val != r.val; } friend constexpr ostream& operator << (ostream &os, const Fp& x) noexcept { return os << x.val; } friend constexpr istream& operator >> (istream &is, Fp& x) noexcept { return is >> x.val; } friend constexpr Fp modpow(const Fp &a, long long n) noexcept { if (n == 0) return 1; auto t = modpow(a, n / 2); t = t * t; if (n & 1) t = t * a; return t; } }; // 二項係数ライブラリ template struct BiCoef { vector fact_, inv_, finv_; constexpr BiCoef() {} constexpr BiCoef(int n) noexcept : fact_(n, 1), inv_(n, 1), finv_(n, 1) { init(n); } constexpr void init(int n) noexcept { fact_.assign(n, 1), inv_.assign(n, 1), finv_.assign(n, 1); int MOD = fact_[0].getmod(); for(int i = 2; i < n; i++){ fact_[i] = fact_[i-1] * i; inv_[i] = -inv_[MOD%i] * (MOD/i); finv_[i] = finv_[i-1] * inv_[i]; } } constexpr T com(int n, int k) const noexcept { if (n < k || n < 0 || k < 0) return 0; return fact_[n] * finv_[k] * finv_[n-k]; } constexpr T fact(int n) const noexcept { if (n < 0) return 0; return fact_[n]; } constexpr T inv(int n) const noexcept { if (n < 0) return 0; return inv_[n]; } constexpr T finv(int n) const noexcept { if (n < 0) return 0; return finv_[n]; } }; //const int MOD = 1000000007; const int MOD = 998244353; using mint = Fp; BiCoef bc; template struct BIT { private: vector node; int n; Abel UNITY_SUM = 0; //to be set public: BIT(int n_) { n = n_; node.resize(n, UNITY_SUM); } //0-indexed void add(int a, Abel w) { for (int i = a; i < n; i |= i + 1)node[i] += w; } //[0,a) Abel sum(int a) { Abel ret = UNITY_SUM; for (int i = a - 1; i >= 0; i = (i&(i + 1)) - 1)ret += node[i]; return ret; } //[a,b) Abel sum(int a, int b) { return sum(b) - sum(a); } //k-th number (k is 0-indexed) int get(int k) { ++k; int res = 0; int n = 1; while(n < (int)node.size()) n *= 2; for(int i = n / 2; i > 0; i /= 2) { if(res + i < (int)node.size() && node[res + i - 1] < k) { k -= node[res + i - 1]; res += i; } } return res; //0-indexed } //debug void print() { for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) cout << sum(i, i + 1) << ","; cout << endl; } }; template vector compress(vector A){ sort(A.begin(), A.end()); A.erase(unique(A.begin(), A.end()), A.end()); return A; } void solve() { bc.init(200200); int n; cin >> n; vector a(n); rep(i, n) { cin >> a[i]; } auto comp = compress(a); int sz = (int)comp.size(); BIT bit(sz); int cnt = 0; rep(i, n) { int x = lower_bound(all(comp), a[i]) - comp.begin(); cnt += i - bit.sum(x + 1); bit.add(x, 1); } mint sum = 1; for(int i = 1; i <= n; ++ i) { sum *= bc.com(n, i); } int cnt2 = 0; sort(all(a)); BIT bit2(sz); rep(i, n) { int x = lower_bound(all(comp), a[i]) - comp.begin(); cnt2 += bit2.sum(x); bit2.add(x, 1); } // cerr << cnt2 << endl; mint ans = 0; //同じ操作 for(int i = 1; i <= n; ++ i) { ans += (mint)cnt * sum / bc.com(n, i) * bc.com(n - 2, i - 2); } //違う操作 for(int i = 1; i <= n; ++ i) { ans += (mint)cnt2 * sum / n / n * (mint)i * (mint)((n + i + 1) * (n - i - 1 + 1) / 2); } cout << ans << endl; } signed main() { ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(0); //cout << fixed << setprecision(10); //int t; cin >> t; rep(i, t)solve(); solve(); return 0; }