using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Specialized;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using static System.Math;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Threading;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Diagnostics;
//using nint=System.Int32;
static class Program{
	const int mod=(int)1e9+7;
	//const double eps=1e-11;
	static void Main(){
		Sc sc=new Sc();
		var n=sc.I;
		StringBuilder sb=new StringBuilder();
		for(int i = 0;i<n;i++) {
			var e=sc.La;
			long p=e[1],u=e[2];
			while(p>=e[0]){
				var g=p;
				p=0;
				while(g>0){
					p+=g%e[0];
					g/=e[0];
				}
			}
			while(u>=e[0]){
				var g=u;
				u=0;
				while(g>0){
					u+=g%e[0];
					g/=e[0];
				}
			}
			long d=e[2]-e[1]+1;
			if(d>=e[0]-p){
				d-=e[0]-p;
				p+=(e[0]*(e[0]-1)/2)-(p*(p+1)/2);
				p+=d/(e[0]-1)*(e[0]*(e[0]-1)/2);
				p+=d%(e[0]-1)*(d%(e[0]-1)+1)/2;
			}
			else{p+=(u*(u+1)/2)-(p*(p+1)/2);}
			sb.Append(p+"\n");
		}
		Console.Write(sb);
	}
}

public class Sc{
	public int I{get{return int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());}}
	public long L{get{return long.Parse(Console.ReadLine());}}
	public double D{get{return double.Parse(Console.ReadLine());}}
	public string S{get{return Console.ReadLine();}}
	public int[] Ia{get{return Array.ConvertAll(Console.ReadLine().Split(),int.Parse);}}
	public long[] La{get{return Array.ConvertAll(Console.ReadLine().Split(),long.Parse);}}
	public double[] Da{get{return Array.ConvertAll(Console.ReadLine().Split(),double.Parse);}}
	public string[] Sa{get{return Console.ReadLine().Split();}}
	public object[] Oa{get{return Console.ReadLine().Split();}}
	public int[] Ia2{get{return Array.ConvertAll(("0 "+Console.ReadLine()+" 0").Split(),int.Parse);}}
	public int[] Ia3(string a,string b){return Array.ConvertAll((a+Console.ReadLine()+b).Split(),int.Parse);}
	public int[] Ia3(int a){return Array.ConvertAll((Console.ReadLine()+" "+a.ToString()).Split(),int.Parse);}
	public long[] La2{get{return Array.ConvertAll(("0 "+Console.ReadLine()+" 0").Split(),long.Parse);}}
	public long[] La3(string a,string b){return Array.ConvertAll((a+Console.ReadLine()+b).Split(),long.Parse);}
	public long[] La3(int a){return Array.ConvertAll((Console.ReadLine()+" "+a.ToString()).Split(),long.Parse);}
	public double[] Da2{get{return Array.ConvertAll(("0 "+Console.ReadLine()+" 0").Split(),double.Parse);}}
	public double[] Da3(string a,string b){return Array.ConvertAll((a+Console.ReadLine()+b).Split(),double.Parse);}
	public T[] Arr<T>(int n,Func<T> f){var a=new T[n];for(int i=0;i<n;i++){a[i]=f();}return a;}
	public T[] Arr<T>(int n,Func<int,T> f){var a=new T[n];for(int i=0;i<n;i++){a[i]=f(i);}return a;}
	public T[] Arr<T>(int n,Func<string[],T> f){var a=new T[n];for(int i=0;i<n;i++){a[i]=f(Console.ReadLine().Split());}return a;}
	public T[] Arr<T>(int n,Func<int,string[],T> f){var a=new T[n];for(int i=0;i<n;i++){a[i]=f(i,Console.ReadLine().Split());}return a;}
}