#include using namespace std; using ll = long long; using ld = long double; using ull = unsigned long long; using uint = unsigned; using pcc = pair; using pii = pair; using pll = pair; using pdd = pair; using tuplis = array; template using pq = priority_queue, greater>; const ll LINF=0x1fffffffffffffff; const ll MINF=0x7fffffffffff; const int INF=0x3fffffff; const int MOD=1000000007; const int MODD=998244353; const ld DINF=numeric_limits::infinity(); const ld EPS=1e-9; const ld PI=3.1415926535897932; const ll dx[] = {0, 1, 0, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1}; const ll dy[] = {1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 1, -1, -1}; #define overload4(_1,_2,_3,_4,name,...) name #define overload3(_1,_2,_3,name,...) name #define rep1(n) for(ll i=0;i(a);) #define rrep4(i,a,b,c) for(ll i=(a)+((b)-(a)-1)/(c)*(c);i>=(a);i-=c) #define rrep(...) overload4(__VA_ARGS__,rrep4,rrep3,rrep2,rrep1)(__VA_ARGS__) #define each1(i,a) for(auto&&i:a) #define each2(x,y,a) for(auto&&[x,y]:a) #define each3(x,y,z,a) for(auto&&[x,y,z]:a) #define each(...) overload4(__VA_ARGS__,each3,each2,each1)(__VA_ARGS__) #define all1(i) begin(i),end(i) #define all2(i,a) begin(i),begin(i)+a #define all3(i,a,b) begin(i)+a,begin(i)+b #define all(...) overload3(__VA_ARGS__,all3,all2,all1)(__VA_ARGS__) #define rall1(i) (i).rbegin(),(i).rend() #define rall2(i,k) (i).rbegin(),(i).rbegin()+k #define rall3(i,a,b) (i).rbegin()+a,(i).rbegin()+b #define rall(...) overload3(__VA_ARGS__,rall3,rall2,rall1)(__VA_ARGS__) #define sum(...) accumulate(all(__VA_ARGS__),0LL) #define dsum(...) accumulate(all(__VA_ARGS__),0.0L) #define Msum(...) accumulate(all(__VA_ARGS__),0_M) #define elif else if #define unless(a) if(!(a)) #define INT(...) int __VA_ARGS__;in(__VA_ARGS__) #define LL(...) ll __VA_ARGS__;in(__VA_ARGS__) #define ULL(...) ull __VA_ARGS__;in(__VA_ARGS__) #define STR(...) string __VA_ARGS__;in(__VA_ARGS__) #define CHR(...) char __VA_ARGS__;in(__VA_ARGS__) #define DBL(...) double __VA_ARGS__;in(__VA_ARGS__) #define LD(...) ld __VA_ARGS__;in(__VA_ARGS__) #define Sort(a) sort(all(a)) #define Rev(a) reverse(all(a)) #define Uniq(a) sort(all(a));a.erase(unique(all(a)),end(a)) #define vec(type,name,...) vectorname(__VA_ARGS__) #define VEC(type,name,size) vectorname(size);in(name) #define vv(type,name,h,...) vector>name(h,vector(__VA_ARGS__)) #define VV(type,name,h,w) vector>name(h,vector(w));in(name) #define vvv(type,name,h,w,...) vector>>name(h,vector>(w,vector(__VA_ARGS__))) template auto min(const T& a){ return *min_element(all(a)); } template auto max(const T& a){ return *max_element(all(a)); } inline ll popcnt(ull a){ return __builtin_popcountll(a); } ll gcd(ll a, ll b){ while(b){ ll c = b; b = a % b; a = c; } return a; } ll lcm(ll a, ll b){ if(!a || !b) return 0; return a * b / gcd(a, b); } ll intpow(ll a, ll b){ ll ans = 1; while(b){ if(b & 1) ans *= a; a *= a; b /= 2; } return ans; } ll modpow(ll a, ll b, ll p){ ll ans = 1; while(b){ if(b & 1) (ans *= a) %= p; (a *= a) %= p; b /= 2; } return ans; } template bool chmin(T& a, const T& b){ if(a > b){ a = b; return 1; } return 0; } template bool chmax(T& a, const T& b){ if(a < b){ a = b; return 1; } return 0; } template bool chmin(T& a, const U& b){ if(a > T(b)){ a = b; return 1; } return 0; } template bool chmax(T& a, const U& b){ if(a < T(b)){ a = b; return 1; } return 0; } vector iota(ll n, ll begin = 0){ vector a(n); iota(a.begin(), a.end(), begin); return a; } vector factor(ull x){ vector ans; for(ull i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) if(x % i == 0){ ans.push_back({i, 1}); while((x /= i) % i == 0) ans.back().second++; } if(x != 1) ans.push_back({x, 1}); return ans; } map factor_map(ull x){ map ans; for(ull i = 2; i * i <= x; i++) if(x % i == 0){ ans[i] = 1; while((x /= i) % i == 0) ans[i]++; } if(x != 1) ans[x] = 1; return ans; } vector divisor(ull x){ vector ans; for(ull i = 1; i * i <= x; i++) if(x % i == 0) ans.push_back(i); rrep(ans.size() - (ans.back() * ans.back() == x)) ans.push_back(x / ans[i]); return ans; } template unordered_map press(vector a){ Uniq(a); unordered_map ans; rep(a.size()) ans[a[i]] = i; return ans; } template map press_map(vector a){ Uniq(a); map ans; rep(a.size()) ans[a[i]] = i; return ans; } int scan(){ return getchar(); } void scan(int& a){ scanf("%d", &a); } void scan(unsigned& a){ scanf("%u", &a); } void scan(long& a){ scanf("%ld", &a); } void scan(long long& a){ scanf("%lld", &a); } void scan(unsigned long long& a){ scanf("%llu", &a); } void scan(char& a){ do{ a = getchar(); }while(a == ' ' || a == '\n'); } void scan(float& a){ scanf("%f", &a); } void scan(double& a){ scanf("%lf", &a); } void scan(long double& a){ scanf("%Lf", &a); } void scan(vector& a){ for(unsigned i = 0; i < a.size(); i++){ int b; scan(b); a[i] = b; } } void scan(char a[]){ scanf("%s", a); } void scan(string& a){ cin >> a; } template void scan(vector&); template void scan(array&); template void scan(pair&); template void scan(T(&)[size]); template void scan(vector& a){ for(auto&& i : a) scan(i); } template void scan(deque& a){ for(auto&& i : a) scan(i); } template void scan(array& a){ for(auto&& i : a) scan(i); } template void scan(pair& p){ scan(p.first); scan(p.second); } template void scan(T (&a)[size]){ for(auto&& i : a) scan(i); } template void scan(T& a){ cin >> a; } void in(){} template void in(Head& head, Tail&... tail){ scan(head); in(tail...); } void print(){ putchar(' '); } void print(bool a){ printf("%d", a); } void print(int a){ printf("%d", a); } void print(unsigned a){ printf("%u", a); } void print(long a){ printf("%ld", a); } void print(long long a){ printf("%lld", a); } void print(unsigned long long a){ printf("%llu", a); } void print(char a){ printf("%c", a); } void print(char a[]){ printf("%s", a); } void print(const char a[]){ printf("%s", a); } void print(float a){ printf("%.15f", a); } void print(double a){ printf("%.15f", a); } void print(long double a){ printf("%.15Lf", a); } void print(const string& a){ for(auto&& i : a) print(i); } template void print(const complex& a){ if(a.real() >= 0) print('+'); print(a.real()); if(a.imag() >= 0) print('+'); print(a.imag()); print('i'); } template void print(const vector&); template void print(const array&); template void print(const pair& p); template void print(const T (&)[size]); template void print(const vector& a){ if(a.empty()) return; print(a[0]); for(auto i = a.begin(); ++i != a.end(); ){ putchar(' '); print(*i); } } template void print(const deque& a){ if(a.empty()) return; print(a[0]); for(auto i = a.begin(); ++i != a.end(); ){ putchar(' '); print(*i); } } template void print(const array& a){ print(a[0]); for(auto i = a.begin(); ++i != a.end(); ){ putchar(' '); print(*i); } } template void print(const pair& p){ print(p.first); putchar(' '); print(p.second); } template void print(const T (&a)[size]){ print(a[0]); for(auto i = a; ++i != end(a); ){ putchar(' '); print(*i); } } template void print(const T& a){ cout << a; } int out(){ putchar('\n'); return 0; } template int out(const T& t){ print(t); putchar('\n'); return 0; } template int out(const Head& head, const Tail&... tail){ print(head); putchar(' '); out(tail...); return 0; } #ifdef DEBUG inline ll __lg(ull x){ return 63 - __builtin_clzll(x); } #define debug(...) { print(#__VA_ARGS__); print(":"); out(__VA_ARGS__); } #else #define debug(...) void(0) #endif int first(bool i = true){ return out(i?"first":"second"); } int First(bool i = true){ return out(i?"First":"Second"); } int yes(bool i = true){ return out(i?"yes":"no"); } int Yes(bool i = true){ return out(i?"Yes":"No"); } int No(){ return out("No"); } int YES(bool i = true){ return out(i?"YES":"NO"); } int NO(){ return out("NO"); } int Yay(bool i = true){ return out(i?"Yay!":":("); } int possible(bool i = true){ return out(i?"possible":"impossible"); } int Possible(bool i = true){ return out(i?"Possible":"Impossible"); } int POSSIBLE(bool i = true){ return out(i?"POSSIBLE":"IMPOSSIBLE"); } void Case(ll i){ printf("Case #%lld: ", i); } template vector operator-(vector a) { for (auto&& e : a) e = -e; return a; } template vector& operator+=(vector& a, const vector& b) { a.resize(max(a.size(), b.size())); for (int i = 0; i < (int)b.size(); ++i) a[i] += b[i]; return a; } template vector operator+(vector a, const vector& b) { return a += b; } template vector& operator-=(vector& a, const vector& b) { a.resize(max(a.size(), b.size())); for (int i = 0; i < (int)b.size(); ++i) a[i] -= b[i]; return a; } template vector operator-(vector a, const vector& b) { return a -= b; } template vector& operator<<=(vector& a, size_t n) { return a.insert(begin(a), n, 0), a; } template vector operator<<(vector a, size_t n) { return a <<= n; } template vector& operator>>=(vector& a, size_t n) { return a.erase(begin(a), begin(a) + min(a.size(), n)), a; } template vector operator>>(vector a, size_t n) { return a >>= n; } template vector operator*(const vector& a, const vector& b) { if (a.empty() or b.empty()) return {}; vector res(a.size() + b.size() - 1); for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.size(); ++i) for (int j = 0; j < (int)b.size(); ++j) res[i + j] += a[i] * b[j]; return res; } template vector& operator*=(vector& a, const vector& b) { return a = a * b; } template vector inverse(const vector& a) { assert(not a.empty() and not (a[0] == 0)); vector b{1 / a[0]}; while (b.size() < a.size()) { vector x(begin(a), begin(a) + min(a.size(), 2 * b.size())); x *= b * b; b.resize(2 * b.size()); for (auto i = b.size() / 2; i < min(x.size(), b.size()); ++i) b[i] = -x[i]; } return {begin(b), begin(b) + a.size()}; } template vector operator/(vector a, vector b) { if (a.size() < b.size()) return {}; reverse(begin(a), end(a)), reverse(begin(b), end(b)); int n = a.size() - b.size() + 1; a.resize(n), b.resize(n); a *= inverse(b); return {rend(a) - n, rend(a)}; } template vector& operator/=(vector& a, const vector& b) { return a = a / b; } template vector operator%(vector a, const vector& b) { if (a.size() < b.size()) return a; a -= a / b * b; return {begin(a), begin(a) + (b.size() - 1)}; } template vector& operator%=(vector& a, const vector& b) { return a = a % b; } template vector derivative(const vector& a) { vector res(max((int)a.size() - 1, 0)); for (int i = 0; i < (int)res.size(); ++i) res[i] = (i + 1) * a[i + 1]; return res; } template vector primitive(const vector& a) { vector res(a.size() + 1); for (int i = 1; i < (int)res.size(); ++i) res[i] = a[i - 1] / i; return res; } template vector logarithm(const vector& a) { assert(not a.empty() and a[0] == 1); auto res = primitive(derivative(a) * inverse(a)); return {begin(res), begin(res) + a.size()}; } template vector exponent(const vector& a) { assert(a.empty() or a[0] == 0); vector b{1}; while (b.size() < a.size()) { vector x(begin(a), begin(a) + min(a.size(), 2 * b.size())); x[0] += 1; b.resize(2 * b.size()); x -= logarithm(b); x *= {begin(b), begin(b) + b.size() / 2}; for (auto i = b.size() / 2; i < min(x.size(), b.size()); ++i) b[i] = x[i]; } return {begin(b), begin(b) + a.size()}; } template > constexpr T power(T a, long long n, Op op = Op(), T e = {1}) { assert(n >= 0); while (n) { if (n & 1) e = op(e, a); if (n >>= 1) a = op(a, a); } return e; } template void ntt(vector& a, bool inverse) { int n = size(a); assert((n & (n - 1)) == 0); if (n < 2) return; assert((T::mod - 1) % n == 0); static vector w{1}, iw{1}; for (int m = size(w); m < n / 2; m *= 2) { static T root = 2; while (power(root, (T::mod - 1) / 2) == 1) root += 1; T dw = power(root, (T::mod - 1) / (4 * m)), idw = 1 / dw; w.resize(2 * m), iw.resize(2 * m); for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) w[m + i] = w[i] * dw, iw[m + i] = iw[i] * idw; } if (not inverse) { for (int m = n; m >>= 1; ) { for (int s = 0, k = 0; s < n; s += 2 * m, ++k) { for (int i = s, j = s + m; i < s + m; ++i, ++j) { T x = a[i], y = a[j] * w[k]; a[i] = x + y, a[j] = x - y; } } } } else { for (int m = 1; m < n; m *= 2) { for (int s = 0, k = 0; s < n; s += 2 * m, ++k) { for (int i = s, j = s + m; i < s + m; ++i, ++j) { T x = a[i], y = a[j]; a[i] = x + y, a[j] = (x - y) * iw[k]; } } } auto inv = 1 / T(n); for (auto&& e : a) e *= inv; } } template struct montgomery { using m = montgomery; static constexpr unsigned mod = M, neg_inv = [] { static_assert(mod < 1 << 30 and mod & 1); auto inv = mod; while (mod * inv != 1) inv *= 2 - mod * inv; return -inv; }(), sq = -(uint64_t)mod % mod; static unsigned reduce(uint64_t x) { return (x + (uint64_t)mod * ((unsigned)x * neg_inv)) >> 32; } unsigned v; montgomery() : v(0) {} montgomery(long long x) { if ((x %= mod) < 0) x += mod; v = reduce((uint64_t)x * sq); } int get() const { auto res = reduce(v); return res < mod ? res : res - mod; } m operator-() const { return m() -= *this; } m& operator+=(m b) { if ((int)(v += b.v - 2 * mod) < 0) v += 2 * mod; return *this; } m& operator-=(m b) { if ((int)(v -= b.v) < 0) v += 2 * mod; return *this; } m& operator*=(m b) { v = reduce((uint64_t)v * b.v); return *this; } m& operator/=(m b) { return *this *= power(b, mod - 2); } friend m operator+(m a, m b) { return a += b; } friend m operator-(m a, m b) { return a -= b; } friend m operator*(m a, m b) { return a *= b; } friend m operator/(m a, m b) { return a /= b; } friend bool operator==(m a, m b) { return a.v == b.v; } }; using mint = montgomery<998244353>; vector fact, inv_fact, minv; void prepare(int n) { fact.resize(n + 1), inv_fact.resize(n + 1), minv.resize(n + 1); for (int i = 0; i <= n; ++i) fact[i] = i ? fact[i - 1] * i : 1; inv_fact[n] = power(fact[n], mint::mod - 2); for (int i = n; i--; ) inv_fact[i] = (i + 1) * inv_fact[i + 1]; for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) minv[i] = inv_fact[i] * fact[i - 1]; } mint binom(int n, int k) { if (k < 0 or k > n) return 0; return fact[n] * inv_fact[k] * inv_fact[n - k]; } template <> mint& mint::operator/=(mint b) { return *this *= b.v < minv.size() ? minv[b.v] : power(b, mod - 2); } struct dual_vec { vector v; void resize(int sz) { v.resize(sz); } }; dual_vec mfft(const vector& a, int sz) { dual_vec fa{a}; fa.resize(sz), ntt(fa.v, false); return fa; } dual_vec operator*(dual_vec a, const dual_vec& b) { for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.v.size(); ++i) a.v[i] *= b.v[i]; return a; } vector ifft(dual_vec fa, int n) { ntt(fa.v, true), fa.resize(n); return fa.v; } vector operator*(const vector& a, const vector& b) { if (a.empty() or b.empty()) return {}; int n = a.size(), m = b.size(), sz = 1 << __lg(2 * (n + m - 1) - 1); if (min(n, m) < 30) { vector c(n + m - 1); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) c[i + j] += a[i] * b[j]; return c; } if (a == b) { dual_vec fl = mfft(a, sz); return ifft(fl * fl, n + m - 1); } return ifft(mfft(a, sz) * mfft(b, sz), n + m - 1); } vector inverse(const vector& a) { assert(not a.empty() and not (a[0] == 0)); vector b{1 / a[0]}; for (int m = 1; m < (int)a.size(); m *= 2) { vector x(begin(a), begin(a) + min(a.size(), 2 * m)); dual_vec fb = mfft(b, 2 * m); x = ifft(mfft(x, 2 * m) * fb, 2 * m); fill(begin(x), begin(x) + m, 0); x = -ifft(mfft(x, 2 * m) * fb, 2 * m); b.insert(end(b), begin(x) + m, end(x)); } return {begin(b), begin(b) + a.size()}; } vector exponent(const vector& a) { assert(a.empty() or a[0] == 0); vector b{1, 1 < a.size() ? a[1] : 0}, c{1}; dual_vec half_fc = mfft(c, 1), fc = mfft(c, 2); for (int m = 2; m < (int)a.size(); m *= 2) { dual_vec fb = mfft(b, 2 * m), half_fb = fb; half_fb.resize(m); half_fc = fc; vector z = ifft(half_fb * half_fc, m); fill(begin(z), begin(z) + m / 2, 0); z = -ifft(mfft(z, m) * half_fc, m); c.insert(end(c), begin(z) + m / 2, end(z)); fc = mfft(c, 2 * m); vector x(begin(a), begin(a) + min(a.size(), m)); x = derivative(x), x.push_back(0); dual_vec fx = mfft(x, m); x = ifft(fx * half_fb, m); x -= derivative(b); x.resize(2 * m); for (int i = 0; i < m - 1; ++i) x[m + i] = x[i], x[i] = 0; x = ifft(mfft(x, 2 * m) * fc, 2 * m); x = primitive(x), x.pop_back(); for (int i = m; i < min(a.size(), 2 * m); ++i) x[i] += a[i]; fill(begin(x), begin(x) + m, 0); x = ifft(mfft(x, 2 * m) * fb, 2 * m); b.insert(end(b), begin(x) + m, end(x)); } return {begin(b), begin(b) + a.size()}; } vector power(vector a, long long m) { int n = size(a), tz = 0; while (tz < n and a[tz] == 0) ++tz; if (n == 0 or (tz and m >= (n + tz - 1) / tz)) return vector(n); a >>= tz; auto a0 = a[0]; a *= vector{1 / a0}; a = exponent(logarithm(a) * vector{m}); a *= vector{power(a0, m)}; return a <<= tz * m; } int main(){ LL(n); prepare(n); vectorf(n-1); rep(n-1)f[i]=mint(i+1)*inv_fact[i]; f=power(f,n); mint ans=f[n-2]*fact[n-2]/power(n,n-2); out(ans.get()); }