import sys
input = sys.stdin.readline
sys.setrecursionlimit(2*10**5+10)

class BIT:
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.bit = [0]*(n+1)
    
    def add(self, i, x):
        i += 1
        
        while i<=self.n:
            self.bit[i] += x
            i += i&(-i)

    def acc(self, i):
        s = 0
        
        while i>0:
            s += self.bit[i]
            i -= i&(-i)
        
        return s
        
def dfs(v):
    global ans
    ans += bit.acc(v)
    bit.add(v, 1)
    
    for nv in G[v]:
        dfs(nv)
    
    bit.add(v, -1)

N = int(input())
A = list(map(int, input().split()))
G = [[] for _ in range(N)]

for i in range(N-1):
    G[A[i]].append(i+1)

bit = BIT(N)
ans = 0
dfs(0)
print(ans)