#![allow(unused_imports, unused_macros)] use kyoproio::*; use std::{ collections::*, io::{self, prelude::*}, iter, mem::{replace, swap}, }; fn run(mut kin: I, mut out: O) { let n: usize = kin.input(); let f = Fact::::new(n - 1); let mut ans = mint(0); for i in 0..=n - 1 { let b = f.binom(n - 1, i); let j = (i + (i & 1)) as i32; let k = (j - (n as i32 - j)).abs(); ans += b * mint(2).pow(k as u32); } ans *= mint(2); outln!(out, ans.get()); } pub struct Fact(Vec>); impl Fact { pub fn new(n: usize) -> Self { let mut f = vec![ModInt::new(1); n + 1]; for i in 2..=n { f[i] = ModInt::new(i as i32) * f[i - 1]; } Self(f) } pub fn fact(&self, x: usize) -> ModInt { self.0[x] } pub fn binom(&self, n: usize, k: usize) -> ModInt { if n >= k { self.fact(n) / (self.fact(n - k) * self.fact(k)) } else { ModInt::new(0) } } pub fn perm(&self, n: usize, k: usize) -> ModInt { if n >= k { self.fact(n) / self.fact(n - k) } else { ModInt::new(0) } } } pub type Mint = ModInt; pub fn mint(x: i32) -> Mint { ModInt::new(x) } pub trait Modulo { fn modulo() -> i32; } macro_rules! modulo_impl { ($($Type:ident $val:tt)*) => { $(pub struct $Type; impl Modulo for $Type { fn modulo() -> i32 { $val } })* }; } modulo_impl!(Mod998244353 998244353 Mod1e9p7 1000000007); use std::sync::atomic; pub struct VarMod; static VAR_MOD: atomic::AtomicI32 = atomic::AtomicI32::new(0); pub fn set_var_mod(m: i32) { VAR_MOD.store(m, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed); } impl Modulo for VarMod { fn modulo() -> i32 { VAR_MOD.load(atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) } } use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData, ops}; pub struct ModInt(i32, PhantomData); impl ModInt { pub fn new(x: i32) -> Self { debug_assert!(x < M::modulo()); Self(x, PhantomData) } pub fn normalize(self) -> Self { if self.0 < M::modulo() && 0 <= self.0 { self } else { Self::new(self.0.rem_euclid(M::modulo())) } } pub fn get(self) -> i32 { self.0 } pub fn inv(self) -> Self { self.pow(M::modulo() - 2) } pub fn half(self) -> Self { Self::new(self.0 / 2 + self.0 % 2 * ((M::modulo() + 1) / 2)) } pub fn modulo() -> i32 { M::modulo() } } impl ops::Neg for ModInt { type Output = Self; fn neg(self) -> Self { Self::new(if self.0 == 0 { 0 } else { M::modulo() - self.0 }) } } impl ops::AddAssign for ModInt { fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) { self.0 += rhs.0; if self.0 >= M::modulo() { self.0 -= M::modulo(); } } } impl ops::SubAssign for ModInt { fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) { self.0 -= rhs.0; if self.0 < 0 { self.0 += M::modulo(); } } } impl ops::MulAssign for ModInt { fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) { self.0 = (self.0 as u32 as u64 * rhs.0 as u32 as u64 % M::modulo() as u32 as u64) as i32; } } impl ops::DivAssign for ModInt { fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) { assert_ne!(rhs.get(), 0); *self *= rhs.inv(); } } macro_rules! op_impl { ($($Op:ident $op:ident $OpAssign:ident $op_assign:ident)*) => { $(impl ops::$Op for ModInt { type Output = Self; fn $op(self, rhs: Self) -> Self { let mut res = self; ops::$OpAssign::$op_assign(&mut res, rhs); res } } impl ops::$Op<&Self> for ModInt { type Output = Self; fn $op(self, rhs: &Self) -> Self { self.$op(*rhs) } } impl ops::$Op> for &ModInt { type Output = ModInt; fn $op(self, rhs: ModInt) -> ModInt { (*self).$op(rhs) } } impl ops::$Op<&ModInt> for &ModInt { type Output = ModInt; fn $op(self, rhs: &ModInt) -> ModInt { (*self).$op(*rhs) } } impl ops::$OpAssign<&ModInt> for ModInt { fn $op_assign(&mut self, rhs: &ModInt) { self.$op_assign(*rhs); } })* }; } op_impl! { Add add AddAssign add_assign Sub sub SubAssign sub_assign Mul mul MulAssign mul_assign Div div DivAssign div_assign } impl std::iter::Sum for ModInt { fn sum>(iter: I) -> Self { iter.fold(ModInt::new(0), |x, y| x + y) } } impl std::iter::Product for ModInt { fn product>(iter: I) -> Self { iter.fold(ModInt::new(1), |x, y| x * y) } } pub trait Pow { fn pow(self, n: T) -> Self; } impl Pow for ModInt { fn pow(mut self, mut n: u32) -> Self { let mut y = Self::new(1); while n > 0 { if n % 2 == 1 { y *= self; } self *= self; n /= 2; } y } } macro_rules! mod_int_pow_impl { ($($T:ident)*) => { $(impl Pow<$T> for ModInt { fn pow(self, n: $T) -> Self { self.pow(n.rem_euclid(M::modulo() as $T - 1) as u32) } })* }; } mod_int_pow_impl!(isize i32 i64 usize u64); macro_rules! mod_int_from_impl { ($($T:ident)*) => { $(impl From<$T> for ModInt { fn from(x: $T) -> Self { if M::modulo() <= $T::max_value() as i32 { Self::new(x.rem_euclid(M::modulo() as $T) as i32) } else { Self::new(x as i32).normalize() } } })* } } mod_int_from_impl!(isize i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 usize u8 u16 u32 u64 u128); impl Copy for ModInt {} impl Clone for ModInt { fn clone(&self) -> Self { *self } } impl Default for ModInt { fn default() -> Self { Self::new(0) } } impl std::cmp::PartialEq for ModInt { fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool { self.0 == other.0 } } impl std::cmp::Eq for ModInt {} impl std::cmp::PartialOrd for ModInt { fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option { self.0.partial_cmp(&other.0) } } impl std::cmp::Ord for ModInt { fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering { self.0.cmp(&other.0) } } impl std::hash::Hash for ModInt { fn hash(&self, state: &mut H) { self.0.hash(state); } } impl fmt::Display for ModInt { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result { self.0.fmt(f) } } impl fmt::Debug for ModInt { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result { f.pad("ModInt(")?; self.0.fmt(f)?; f.pad(")") } } // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- fn main() -> io::Result<()> { std::thread::Builder::new() .stack_size(64 * 1024 * 1024) .spawn(|| { run( KInput::new(io::stdin().lock()), io::BufWriter::new(io::stdout().lock()), ) })? .join() .unwrap(); Ok(()) } // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- pub mod kyoproio { use std::{ io::prelude::*, iter::FromIterator, marker::PhantomData, mem::{self, MaybeUninit}, ptr, slice, str, }; pub trait Input { fn bytes(&mut self) -> &[u8]; fn str(&mut self) -> &str { str::from_utf8(self.bytes()).unwrap() } fn input(&mut self) -> T { T::input(self) } fn iter(&mut self) -> Iter { Iter(self, PhantomData) } fn seq>(&mut self, n: usize) -> B { self.iter().take(n).collect() } } pub struct KInput { src: R, buf: Vec, pos: usize, len: usize, } impl KInput { pub fn new(src: R) -> Self { Self { src, buf: vec![0; 1 << 16], pos: 0, len: 0, } } fn read(&mut self) -> usize { if self.pos > 0 { self.buf.copy_within(self.pos..self.len, 0); self.len -= self.pos; self.pos = 0; } else if self.len >= self.buf.len() { self.buf.resize(2 * self.buf.len(), 0); } let read = self.src.read(&mut self.buf[self.len..]).unwrap(); self.len += read; read } } impl Input for KInput { fn bytes(&mut self) -> &[u8] { loop { while let Some(d) = self.buf[self.pos..self.len] .iter() .position(u8::is_ascii_whitespace) { let p = self.pos; self.pos += d + 1; if d > 0 { return &self.buf[p..p + d]; } } if self.read() == 0 { return &self.buf[mem::replace(&mut self.pos, self.len)..self.len]; } } } } pub struct Iter<'a, T, I: ?Sized>(&'a mut I, PhantomData<*const T>); impl<'a, T: InputItem, I: Input + ?Sized> Iterator for Iter<'a, T, I> { type Item = T; fn next(&mut self) -> Option { Some(self.0.input()) } fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option) { (!0, None) } } pub trait InputItem: Sized { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self; } impl InputItem for Vec { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { src.bytes().to_owned() } } macro_rules! from_str_impl { { $($T:ty)* } => { $(impl InputItem for $T { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { src.str().parse::<$T>().unwrap() } })* } } from_str_impl! { String char bool f32 f64 } macro_rules! parse_int_impl { { $($I:ty: $U:ty)* } => { $(impl InputItem for $I { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { let f = |s: &[u8]| s.iter().fold(0, |x, b| 10 * x + (b & 0xf) as $I); let s = src.bytes(); if let Some((&b'-', t)) = s.split_first() { -f(t) } else { f(s) } } } impl InputItem for $U { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { src.bytes().iter().fold(0, |x, b| 10 * x + (b & 0xf) as $U) } })* }; } parse_int_impl! { isize:usize i8:u8 i16:u16 i32:u32 i64:u64 i128:u128 } macro_rules! tuple_impl { ($H:ident $($T:ident)*) => { impl<$H: InputItem, $($T: InputItem),*> InputItem for ($H, $($T),*) { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { ($H::input(src), $($T::input(src)),*) } } tuple_impl!($($T)*); }; () => {} } tuple_impl!(A B C D E F G); macro_rules! array_impl { { $($N:literal)* } => { $(impl InputItem for [T; $N] { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { let mut arr = MaybeUninit::uninit(); let ptr = arr.as_mut_ptr() as *mut T; unsafe { for i in 0..$N { ptr.add(i).write(src.input()); } arr.assume_init() } } })* }; } array_impl! { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 } pub trait Output: Write + Sized { fn bytes(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) { self.write_all(buf).unwrap(); } fn output(&mut self, x: T) { x.output(self); } fn byte(&mut self, b: u8) { self.bytes(slice::from_ref(&b)); } fn seq>(&mut self, iter: I, delim: u8) { let mut iter = iter.into_iter(); if let Some(x) = iter.next() { self.output(x); for x in iter { self.byte(delim); self.output(x); } } } fn flush_debug(&mut self) { if cfg!(debug_assertions) { self.flush().unwrap(); } } } impl Output for W {} pub trait OutputItem { fn output(self, dest: &mut O); } impl OutputItem for &str { fn output(self, dest: &mut O) { dest.bytes(self.as_bytes()); } } impl OutputItem for char { fn output(self, dest: &mut O) { self.encode_utf8(&mut [0u8; 4]).output(dest); } } impl OutputItem for () { fn output(self, _dest: &mut O) {} } macro_rules! output_int_impl { ($conv:ident; $U:ty; $($T:ty)*) => { $(impl OutputItem for $T { fn output(self, dest: &mut O) { let mut buf = MaybeUninit::<[u8; 20]>::uninit(); unsafe { let ptr = buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut u8; let ofs = $conv(self as $U, ptr, 20); dest.bytes(slice::from_raw_parts(ptr.add(ofs), 20 - ofs)); } } } impl OutputItem for &$T { fn output(self, dest: &mut O) { (*self).output(dest); } })* }; } output_int_impl!(i64_to_bytes; i64; isize i8 i16 i32 i64); output_int_impl!(u64_to_bytes; u64; usize u8 u16 u32 u64); static DIGITS_LUT: &[u8; 200] = b"0001020304050607080910111213141516171819\ 2021222324252627282930313233343536373839\ 4041424344454647484950515253545556575859\ 6061626364656667686970717273747576777879\ 8081828384858687888990919293949596979899"; unsafe fn i64_to_bytes(x: i64, buf: *mut u8, len: usize) -> usize { let (neg, x) = if x < 0 { (true, -x) } else { (false, x) }; let mut i = u64_to_bytes(x as u64, buf, len); if neg { i -= 1; *buf.add(i) = b'-'; } i } unsafe fn u64_to_bytes(mut x: u64, buf: *mut u8, len: usize) -> usize { let lut = DIGITS_LUT.as_ptr(); let mut i = len; let mut two = |x| { i -= 2; ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(lut.add(2 * x), buf.add(i), 2); }; while x >= 10000 { let rem = (x % 10000) as usize; two(rem % 100); two(rem / 100); x /= 10000; } let mut x = x as usize; if x >= 100 { two(x % 100); x /= 100; } if x >= 10 { two(x); } else { i -= 1; *buf.add(i) = x as u8 + b'0'; } i } #[macro_export] macro_rules! out { ($out:expr, $arg:expr) => {{ $out.output($arg); }}; ($out:expr, $first:expr, $($rest:expr),*) => {{ $out.output($first); $out.byte(b' '); out!($out, $($rest),*); }} } #[macro_export] macro_rules! outln { ($out:expr) => {{ $out.byte(b'\n'); $out.flush_debug(); }}; ($out:expr, $($args:expr),*) => {{ out!($out, $($args),*); outln!($out); }} } #[macro_export] macro_rules! kdbg { ($($v:expr),*) => { if cfg!(debug_assertions) { dbg!($($v),*) } else { ($($v),*) } } } }