#ifdef ONLINE_JUDGE #pragma GCC target("avx2,avx") #pragma GCC optimize("O3") #pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops") #endif #include using namespace std; using ll = long long; using ull = unsigned long long; using i128 = __int128_t; using pii = pair; using pll = pair; template using vec = vector; template using vvec = vector>; #define rep(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < (n); i++) #define rrep(i, n) for (int i = int(n) - 1; i >= 0; i--) #define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end() constexpr char ln = '\n'; istream& operator>>(istream& is, __int128_t& x) { x = 0; string s; is >> s; int n = int(s.size()), it = 0; if (s[0] == '-') it++; for (; it < n; it++) x = (x * 10 + s[it] - '0'); if (s[0] == '-') x = -x; return is; } ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, __int128_t x) { if (x == 0) return os << 0; if (x < 0) os << '-', x = -x; deque deq; while (x) deq.emplace_front(x % 10), x /= 10; for (int e : deq) os << e; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const pair& p) { return os << "(" << p.first << ", " << p.second << ")"; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const vector& v) { os << "{"; for (int i = 0; i < int(v.size()); i++) { if (i) os << ", "; os << v[i]; } return os << "}"; } template inline int SZ(Container& v) { return int(v.size()); } template inline void UNIQUE(vector& v) { v.erase(unique(v.begin(), v.end()), v.end()); } template inline bool chmax(T1& a, T2 b) { if (a < b) {a = b; return true ;} return false ;} template inline bool chmin(T1& a, T2 b) { if (a > b) {a = b; return true ;} return false ;} inline int topbit(ull x) { return x == 0 ? -1 : 63 - __builtin_clzll(x); } inline int botbit(ull x) { return x == 0 ? 64 : __builtin_ctzll(x); } inline int popcount(ull x) { return __builtin_popcountll(x); } inline int kthbit(ull x, int k) { return (x>>k) & 1; } inline constexpr long long TEN(int x) { return x == 0 ? 1 : TEN(x-1) * 10; } inline void print() { cout << "\n"; } template inline void print(const vector& v) { for (int i = 0; i < int(v.size()); i++) { if (i) cout << " "; cout << v[i]; } print(); } template inline void print(const T& x, const Args& ... args) { cout << x << " "; print(args...); } #ifdef MINATO_LOCAL inline void debug_out() { cerr << endl; } template inline void debug_out(const T& x, const Args& ... args) { cerr << " " << x; debug_out(args...); } #define debug(...) cerr << __LINE__ << " : [" << #__VA_ARGS__ << "] =", debug_out(__VA_ARGS__) #define dump(x) cerr << __LINE__ << " : " << #x << " = " << (x) << endl #else #define debug(...) (void(0)) #define dump(x) (void(0)) #endif struct fast_ios { fast_ios() { cin.tie(nullptr); ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cout << fixed << setprecision(20); }; } fast_ios_; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// template struct Compress { vector xs; Compress(){}; Compress(const vector &vs) {add(vs);} Compress(const initializer_list> &vs) {for(auto &p : vs) add(p);} void add(const vector &vs) {copy(begin(vs), end(vs), back_inserter(xs));} void add(const T &x) {xs.emplace_back(x);} int build() { sort(begin(xs), end(xs)); xs.erase(unique(begin(xs), end(xs)), end(xs)); return (int)xs.size(); } vector get(const vector &vs) const { vector ret; transform(begin(vs), end(vs), back_inserter(ret), [&](const T &x) { return lower_bound(begin(xs), end(xs), x) - begin(xs); }); return ret; } int get(const T &x) const {return lower_bound(begin(xs), end(xs), x) - begin(xs);} const T &operator[](int k) const {return xs[k];} }; template struct ModInt { public: static constexpr int mod() { return m; } static ModInt raw(int v) { ModInt x; x._v = v; return x; } ModInt() : _v(0) {} ModInt(long long v) { long long x = (long long)(v % (long long)(umod())); if (x < 0) x += umod(); _v = (unsigned int)(x); } unsigned int val() const { return _v; } ModInt& operator++() { _v++; if (_v == umod()) _v = 0; return *this; } ModInt& operator--() { if (_v == 0) _v = umod(); _v--; return *this; } ModInt operator++(int) { ModInt result = *this; ++*this; return result; } ModInt operator--(int) { ModInt result = *this; --*this; return result; } ModInt& operator+=(const ModInt& rhs) { _v += rhs._v; if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod(); return *this; } ModInt& operator-=(const ModInt& rhs) { _v -= rhs._v; if (_v >= umod()) _v += umod(); return *this; } ModInt& operator*=(const ModInt& rhs) { unsigned long long z = _v; z *= rhs._v; _v = (unsigned int)(z % umod()); return *this; } ModInt& operator^=(long long n) { ModInt x = *this; *this = 1; if (n < 0) x = x.inv(), n = -n; while (n) { if (n & 1) *this *= x; x *= x; n >>= 1; } return *this; } ModInt& operator/=(const ModInt& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs.inv(); } ModInt operator+() const { return *this; } ModInt operator-() const { return ModInt() - *this; } ModInt pow(long long n) const { ModInt r = *this; r ^= n; return r; } ModInt inv() const { int a = _v, b = umod(), y = 1, z = 0, t; for (; ; ) { t = a / b; a -= t * b; if (a == 0) { assert(b == 1 || b == -1); return ModInt(b * z); } y -= t * z; t = b / a; b -= t * a; if (b == 0) { assert(a == 1 || a == -1); return ModInt(a * y); } z -= t * y; } } friend ModInt operator+(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) { return ModInt(lhs) += rhs; } friend ModInt operator-(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) { return ModInt(lhs) -= rhs; } friend ModInt operator*(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) { return ModInt(lhs) *= rhs; } friend ModInt operator/(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) { return ModInt(lhs) /= rhs; } friend ModInt operator^(const ModInt& lhs, long long rhs) { return ModInt(lhs) ^= rhs; } friend bool operator==(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) { return lhs._v == rhs._v; } friend bool operator!=(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) { return lhs._v != rhs._v; } friend ModInt operator+(long long lhs, const ModInt& rhs) { return (ModInt(lhs) += rhs); } friend ModInt operator-(long long lhs, const ModInt& rhs) { return (ModInt(lhs) -= rhs); } friend ModInt operator*(long long lhs, const ModInt& rhs) { return (ModInt(lhs) *= rhs); } friend ostream &operator<<(ostream& os, const ModInt& rhs) { return os << rhs._v; } private: unsigned int _v; static constexpr unsigned int umod() { return m; } }; //constexpr int MOD = 1000000007; constexpr int MOD = 998244353; using mint = ModInt; struct ModCombination { vector Fac,Facinv; ModCombination(int x) { Fac.resize(x+1); Facinv.resize(x+1); Fac[0] = 1; for (int i = 0; i < x; ++i) Fac[i+1] = Fac[i]*(i+1); Facinv[x] = Fac[0]/Fac[x]; for (int i = x; i > 0; --i) Facinv[i-1] = Facinv[i]*i; } mint get(int n, int k) { if (k < 0 || k > n) return 0; return Fac[n]*Facinv[k]*Facinv[n-k]; } }; template struct BinaryIndexedTree { int N; vector data; BinaryIndexedTree(){} BinaryIndexedTree(int N) : N(N), data(N+1,0) {} // [0,k) (0-indexed) a[0] + … + a[k-1] T sum(int k) { T ret = 0; for(; k > 0; k -= k & -k) ret += data[k]; return ret; } // [l,r) (0-indexed) a[l] + … + a[r-1] T sum(int l, int r) { if (l >= r) return 0; T vl = sum(l); T vr = sum(r); return vr - vl; } // (0-indexed) a[k] += x; void add(int k, T x) { for(++k; k <= N; k += k & -k) data[k] += x; } // (0-indexed) int lowerbound(T x) { int k = 1; int ret = 0; while ((k<<1) <= N) k <<= 1; while (k) { if (ret + k <= N && data[ret+k] < x) { x -= data[ret+k]; ret += k; } k >>= 1; } return ret; } // (0-indexed) int upperbound(T x) {return lowerbound(x+1);} }; int main() { int N; cin >> N; ModCombination MC(N); vec A_(N); rep(i,N) cin >> A_[i]; Compress Com(A_); int M = Com.build(); auto A = Com.get(A_); mint T = 0; BinaryIndexedTree BIT(M); rep(i,N) { T += BIT.sum(A[i]+1,M); BIT.add(A[i],1); } mint S = 0; rep(i,N) S += BIT.sum(A[i]+1,M); mint ans = 0; mint ALL = 1; for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) ALL *= MC.get(N,i); mint sm = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) { ans += MC.get(N-2,i-2)*T*ALL/MC.get(N,i); ans += sm*MC.get(N-1,i-1)*S*ALL/MC.get(N,i); sm += mint(i)/N; } cout << ans << ln; }