#![allow(unused_imports, unused_macros)] use kyoproio::*; use std::{ collections::*, io::{self, prelude::*}, iter, mem, }; fn run(mut kin: I, mut out: O) { let t: usize = kin.input(); for _ in 0..t { case(&mut kin, &mut out); } } fn case(mut kin: I, mut out: O) { let n: usize = kin.input(); let mut ans = mint(0); for a in kin.iter::().take(n) { let a = mint(a); ans += a * ans + a; } outln!(out, "{}", ans); } // x y z // x + y + xy z // x + y + z + xy + xz + yz + xyz use std::{cmp, fmt, marker::PhantomData, ops}; pub type Mint = ModInt; pub fn mint(x: u32) -> Mint { ModInt::new(x) } pub trait Modulo { fn modulo() -> u32; } macro_rules! modulo_impl { ($($Type:ident $val:tt)*) => { $(pub struct $Type; impl Modulo for $Type { fn modulo() -> u32 { $val } })* }; } modulo_impl!(Mod998244353 998244353 Mod1e9p7 1000000007); use std::sync::atomic; pub struct VarMod; static VAR_MOD: atomic::AtomicU32 = atomic::AtomicU32::new(0); pub fn set_var_mod(m: u32) { VAR_MOD.store(m, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed); } impl Modulo for VarMod { fn modulo() -> u32 { VAR_MOD.load(atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) } } pub struct ModInt(u32, PhantomData); impl ModInt { pub fn new(x: u32) -> Self { debug_assert!(x < M::modulo()); Self(x, PhantomData) } pub fn normalize(self) -> Self { if self.0 < M::modulo() { self } else { Self::new(self.0 % M::modulo()) } } pub fn get(self) -> u32 { self.0 } pub fn inv(self) -> Self { self.pow(M::modulo() - 2) } pub fn half(self) -> Self { Self::new(self.0 / 2 + self.0 % 2 * ((M::modulo() + 1) / 2)) } pub fn modulo() -> u32 { M::modulo() } } impl ops::Neg for ModInt { type Output = Self; fn neg(self) -> Self { Self::new(if self.0 == 0 { 0 } else { M::modulo() - self.0 }) } } impl ops::Add for ModInt { type Output = Self; fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self { let s = self.0 + rhs.0; Self::new(if s < M::modulo() { s } else { s - M::modulo() }) } } impl ops::Sub for ModInt { type Output = Self; fn sub(self, rhs: Self) -> Self { Self::new(if self.0 >= rhs.0 { self.0 - rhs.0 } else { M::modulo() + self.0 - rhs.0 }) } } impl ops::Mul for ModInt { type Output = Self; fn mul(self, rhs: Self) -> Self { Self::new((self.0 as u64 * rhs.0 as u64 % M::modulo() as u64) as u32) } } impl ops::Div for ModInt { type Output = Self; fn div(self, rhs: Self) -> Self { assert_ne!(rhs.get(), 0); self * rhs.inv() } } macro_rules! op_impl { ($($Op:ident $op:ident $OpAssign:ident $op_assign:ident)*) => { $(impl ops::$Op<&Self> for ModInt { type Output = Self; fn $op(self, rhs: &Self) -> Self { self.$op(*rhs) } } impl ops::$Op> for &ModInt { type Output = ModInt; fn $op(self, rhs: ModInt) -> ModInt { (*self).$op(rhs) } } impl ops::$Op<&ModInt> for &ModInt { type Output = ModInt; fn $op(self, rhs: &ModInt) -> ModInt { (*self).$op(*rhs) } } impl ops::$OpAssign for ModInt { fn $op_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) { *self = ops::$Op::$op(*self, rhs); } } impl ops::$OpAssign<&ModInt> for ModInt { fn $op_assign(&mut self, rhs: &ModInt) { self.$op_assign(*rhs); } })* }; } op_impl! { Add add AddAssign add_assign Sub sub SubAssign sub_assign Mul mul MulAssign mul_assign Div div DivAssign div_assign } impl std::iter::Sum for ModInt { fn sum>(iter: I) -> Self { iter.fold(ModInt::new(0), |x, y| x + y) } } impl std::iter::Product for ModInt { fn product>(iter: I) -> Self { iter.fold(ModInt::new(1), |x, y| x * y) } } pub trait Pow { fn pow(self, n: T) -> Self; } impl Pow for ModInt { fn pow(mut self, mut n: u32) -> Self { let mut y = Self::new(1); while n > 0 { if n % 2 == 1 { y *= self; } self *= self; n /= 2; } y } } macro_rules! mod_int_pow_impl { ($($T:ident)*) => { $(impl Pow<$T> for ModInt { fn pow(self, n: $T) -> Self { self.pow(n.rem_euclid(M::modulo() as $T - 1) as u32) } })* }; } mod_int_pow_impl!(isize i32 i64 usize u64); macro_rules! mod_int_from_impl { ($($T:ident)*) => { $(impl From<$T> for ModInt { #[allow(unused_comparisons)] fn from(x: $T) -> Self { if M::modulo() <= $T::max_value() as u32 { Self::new(x.rem_euclid(M::modulo() as $T) as u32) } else if x < 0 { Self::new((M::modulo() as i32 + x as i32) as u32) } else { Self::new(x as u32) } } })* } } mod_int_from_impl!(isize i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 usize u8 u16 u32 u64 u128); impl Copy for ModInt {} impl Clone for ModInt { fn clone(&self) -> Self { *self } } impl Default for ModInt { fn default() -> Self { Self::new(0) } } impl cmp::PartialEq for ModInt { fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool { self.0 == other.0 } } impl cmp::Eq for ModInt {} impl cmp::PartialOrd for ModInt { fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option { self.0.partial_cmp(&other.0) } } impl cmp::Ord for ModInt { fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> cmp::Ordering { self.0.cmp(&other.0) } } impl std::hash::Hash for ModInt { fn hash(&self, state: &mut H) { self.0.hash(state); } } impl fmt::Display for ModInt { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result { self.0.fmt(f) } } impl fmt::Debug for ModInt { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result { self.0.fmt(f) } } // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- fn main() -> io::Result<()> { std::thread::Builder::new() .stack_size(1 << 26) .spawn(|| { run( KInput::new(io::stdin().lock()), io::BufWriter::new(io::stdout().lock()), ) })? .join() .unwrap(); Ok(()) } #[macro_export] macro_rules! out { ($($arg:tt)*) => { write!($($arg)*).unwrap(); } } #[macro_export] macro_rules! outln { ($dst:expr $(, $($arg:tt)*)?) => {{ writeln!($dst $(, $($arg)*)?).unwrap(); if cfg!(debug_assertions) { $dst.flush().unwrap(); } }} } #[macro_export] macro_rules! eout { ($($arg:tt)*) => { if cfg!(debug_assertions) { eprintln!($($arg)*); } } } #[macro_export] macro_rules! kdbg { ($($v:expr),*) => { if cfg!(debug_assertions) { dbg!($($v),*) } else { ($($v),*) } } } pub mod kyoproio { use std::{ io::prelude::*, iter::FromIterator, marker::PhantomData, mem::{self, MaybeUninit}, str, }; pub trait Input { fn bytes(&mut self) -> &[u8]; fn str(&mut self) -> &str { str::from_utf8(self.bytes()).unwrap() } fn input(&mut self) -> T { T::input(self) } fn iter(&mut self) -> Iter { Iter(self, PhantomData) } fn collect>(&mut self, n: usize) -> B { self.iter().take(n).collect() } fn mapped U, B: FromIterator>( &mut self, n: usize, f: F, ) -> B { self.iter().take(n).map(f).collect() } } impl Input for &mut I { fn bytes(&mut self) -> &[u8] { (**self).bytes() } } pub struct KInput { src: R, buf: Vec, pos: usize, len: usize, } impl KInput { pub fn new(src: R) -> Self { Self { src, buf: vec![0; 1 << 16], pos: 0, len: 0, } } fn read(&mut self) -> usize { if self.pos > 0 { self.buf.copy_within(self.pos..self.len, 0); self.len -= self.pos; self.pos = 0; } else if self.len >= self.buf.len() { self.buf.resize(2 * self.buf.len(), 0); } let n = self.src.read(&mut self.buf[self.len..]).unwrap(); self.len += n; n } } impl Input for KInput { fn bytes(&mut self) -> &[u8] { loop { while let Some(d) = self.buf[self.pos..self.len] .iter() .position(u8::is_ascii_whitespace) { let p = self.pos; self.pos += d + 1; if d > 0 { return &self.buf[p..p + d]; } } if self.read() == 0 { return &self.buf[mem::replace(&mut self.pos, self.len)..self.len]; } } } } pub struct Iter<'a, T, I: ?Sized>(&'a mut I, PhantomData<*const T>); impl<'a, T: InputItem, I: Input + ?Sized> Iterator for Iter<'a, T, I> { type Item = T; fn next(&mut self) -> Option { Some(self.0.input()) } fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option) { (!0, None) } } pub trait InputItem: Sized { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self; } impl InputItem for Vec { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { src.bytes().to_owned() } } macro_rules! from_str { ($($T:ty)*) => {$( impl InputItem for $T { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { src.str().parse::<$T>().unwrap() } } )*} } from_str!(String char bool f32 f64); macro_rules! parse_int { ($($I:ty: $U:ty)*) => {$( impl InputItem for $I { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { let f = |s: &[u8]| s.iter().fold(0, |x, b| 10 * x + (b & 0xf) as $I); let s = src.bytes(); if let Some((&b'-', t)) = s.split_first() { -f(t) } else { f(s) } } } impl InputItem for $U { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { src.bytes().iter().fold(0, |x, b| 10 * x + (b & 0xf) as $U) } } )*} } parse_int!(isize:usize i8:u8 i16:u16 i32:u32 i64:u64 i128:u128); macro_rules! tuple { ($H:ident $($T:ident)*) => { impl<$H: InputItem, $($T: InputItem),*> InputItem for ($H, $($T),*) { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { ($H::input(src), $($T::input(src)),*) } } tuple!($($T)*); }; () => {} } tuple!(A B C D E F G); macro_rules! array { ($($N:literal)*) => {$( impl InputItem for [T; $N] { fn input(src: &mut I) -> Self { let mut arr = MaybeUninit::uninit(); let ptr = arr.as_mut_ptr() as *mut T; unsafe { for i in 0..$N { ptr.add(i).write(src.input()); } arr.assume_init() } } } )*} } array!(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8); }