# require "template" lib C fun strtoll(s : UInt8*, p : UInt8**, b : Int32) : Int64 end class String def to_i64 C.strtoll(self, nil, 10) end end # require "atcoder/Prime" # ac-library.cr by hakatashi https://github.com/google/ac-library.cr # # Copyright 2021 Google LLC # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. module AtCoder # Implements [Ruby's Prime library](https://ruby-doc.com/stdlib/libdoc/prime/rdoc/Prime.html). # # ``` # AtCoder::Prime.first(7) # => [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17] # ``` module Prime extend self include Enumerable(Int64) @@primes = [ 2_i64, 3_i64, 5_i64, 7_i64, 11_i64, 13_i64, 17_i64, 19_i64, 23_i64, 29_i64, 31_i64, 37_i64, 41_i64, 43_i64, 47_i64, 53_i64, 59_i64, 61_i64, 67_i64, 71_i64, 73_i64, 79_i64, 83_i64, 89_i64, 97_i64, 101_i64, ] def each index = 0 loop do yield get_nth_prime(index) index += 1 end end def prime_division(value : Int) raise DivisionByZeroError.new if value == 0 int = typeof(value) factors = [] of Tuple(typeof(value), typeof(value)) if value < 0 value = value.abs factors << {int.new(-1), int.new(1)} end until prime?(value) || value == 1 factor = value until prime?(factor) factor = find_factor(factor) end count = 0 while value % factor == 0 value //= factor count += 1 end factors << {int.new(factor), int.new(count)} end if value > 1 factors << {value, int.new(1)} end factors.sort_by! { |(factor, _)| factor } end private def find_factor(n : Int) # Factor of 4 cannot be discovered by Pollard's Rho with f(x) = x^x+1 if n == 4 typeof(n).new(2) else pollard_rho(n).not_nil! end end # Get single factor by Pollard's Rho Algorithm private def pollard_rho(n : Int) typeof(n).new(1).upto(n) do |i| x = i y = pollard_random_f(x, n) loop do x = pollard_random_f(x, n) y = pollard_random_f(pollard_random_f(y, n), n) gcd = (x - y).gcd(n) if gcd == n break end if gcd != 1 return gcd end end end end private def pollard_random_f(n : Int, mod : Int) (mul_mod(n, n, mod) + 1) % mod end private def extract_prime_division_base(prime_divisions_class : Array({T, T}).class) forall T T end def int_from_prime_division(prime_divisions : Array({Int, Int})) int_class = extract_prime_division_base(prime_divisions.class) prime_divisions.reduce(int_class.new(1)) { |i, (factor, exponent)| i * factor ** exponent } end def prime?(value : Int) # Obvious patterns return false if value < 2 return true if value <= 3 return false if value.even? return true if value < 9 if value < 0xffff return false unless typeof(value).new(30).gcd(value % 30) == 1 7.step(by: 30, to: value) do |base| break if base * base > value if {0, 4, 6, 10, 12, 16, 22, 24}.any? { |i| value % (base + i) == 0 } return false end end return true end miller_rabin(value.to_i64) end # Simplified AtCoder::Math.pow_mod with support of Int64 private def pow_mod(base, exponent, modulo) if base == 0 return base end b = base e = exponent.abs ret = 1_i64 while e > 0 if e % 2 == 1 ret = mul_mod(ret, b, modulo) end b = mul_mod(b, b, modulo) e //= 2 end ret end # Caluculates a * b % mod without overflow detection private def mul_mod(a : Int64, b : Int64, mod : Int64) if mod < Int32::MAX return a * b % mod end # 31-bit width a_high = (a >> 32).to_u64 # 32-bit width a_low = (a & 0xFFFFFFFF).to_u64 # 31-bit width b_high = (b >> 32).to_u64 # 32-bit width b_low = (b & 0xFFFFFFFF).to_u64 # 31-bit + 32-bit + 1-bit = 64-bit c = a_high * b_low + b_high * a_low c_high = c >> 32 c_low = c & 0xFFFFFFFF # 31-bit + 31-bit res_high = a_high * b_high + c_high # 32-bit + 32-bit res_low = a_low * b_low res_low_high = res_low >> 32 res_low_low = res_low & 0xFFFFFFFF # Overflow if res_low_high + c_low >= 0x100000000 res_high += 1 end res_low = (((res_low_high + c_low) & 0xFFFFFFFF) << 32) | res_low_low (((res_high.to_i128 << 64) | res_low) % mod).to_i64 end private def mul_mod(a, b, mod) typeof(mod).new(a.to_i64 * b % mod) end private def miller_rabin(value) d = value - 1 s = 0_i64 until d.odd? d >>= 1 s += 1 end miller_rabin_bases(value).each do |base| next if base == value x = pow_mod(base.to_i64, d, value) next if x == 1 || x == value - 1 is_composite = s.times.all? do x = mul_mod(x, x, value) x != value - 1 end return false if is_composite end true end # We can reduce time complexity of Miller-Rabin tests by testing against # predefined bases which is enough to test against primarity in the given range. # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Rabin_primality_test # ameba:disable Metrics/CyclomaticComplexity private def miller_rabin_bases(value) case when value < 1_373_653_i64 [2, 3] when value < 9_080_191_i64 [31, 73] when value < 25_326_001_i64 [2, 3, 5] when value < 3_215_031_751_i64 [2, 3, 5, 7] when value < 4_759_123_141_i64 [2, 7, 61] when value < 1_122_004_669_633_i64 [2, 13, 23, 1662803] when value < 2_152_302_898_747_i64 [2, 3, 5, 7, 11] when value < 3_474_749_660_383_i64 [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13] when value < 341_550_071_728_321_i64 [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17] when value < 3_825_123_056_546_413_051_i64 [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23] else [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37] end end private def get_nth_prime(n) while @@primes.size <= n generate_primes end @@primes[n] end # Doubles the size of the cached prime array and performs the # Sieve of Eratosthenes on it. private def generate_primes new_primes_size = @@primes.size < 1_000_000 ? @@primes.size : 1_000_000 new_primes = Array(Int64).new(new_primes_size) { |i| @@primes.last + (i + 1) * 2 } new_primes_max = new_primes.last @@primes.each do |prime| next if prime == 2 break if prime * prime > new_primes_max # Here I use the technique of the Sieve of Sundaram. We can # only test against the odd multiple of the given prime. # min_composite is the minimum number that is greater than # the last confirmed prime, and is an odd multiple of # the given prime. min_multiple = ((@@primes.last // prime + 1) // 2 * 2 + 1) * prime min_multiple.step(by: prime * 2, to: new_primes_max) do |multiple| index = new_primes_size - (new_primes_max - multiple) // 2 - 1 new_primes[index] = 0_i64 end end @@primes.concat(new_primes.reject(0_i64)) end private struct EachDivisor(T) include Enumerable(T) def initialize(@exponential_factors : Array(Array(T))) end def each Array.each_product(@exponential_factors) do |factors| yield factors.reduce { |a, b| a * b } end end end # Returns an enumerator that iterates through the all positive divisors of # the given number. **The order is not guaranteed.** # Not in the original Ruby's Prime library. # # ``` # AtCoder::Prime.each_divisor(20) do |n| # puts n # end # => Puts 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and 20 # # AtCoder::Prime.each_divisor(10).map { |n| 1.0 / n }.to_a # => [1.0, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1] # ``` def each_divisor(value : Int) raise ArgumentError.new unless value > 0 factors = prime_division(value) if value == 1 exponential_factors = [[value]] else exponential_factors = factors.map do |(factor, count)| cnt = typeof(value).zero + 1 Array(typeof(value)).new(count + 1) do |i| cnt_copy = cnt if i < count cnt *= factor end cnt_copy end end end EachDivisor(typeof(value)).new(exponential_factors) end # :ditto: def each_divisor(value : T, &block : T ->) each_divisor(value).each(&block) end end end struct Int64 def prime? AtCoder::Prime.prime?(self) end end read_line.to_i.times do |i| n = read_line.to_i64 ** 2 + 1 puts AtCoder::Prime.prime_division(n).join(' ') { |(a, b)| (0...b).join(' ') { a } } end