class Tree:
    def __init__(self,N,index=0):
        """N頂点(index, index+1, ..., N-1+index)の根付き木を生成する.
        """
        self.N=N
        self.index=index
        self.parent=[-1]*(N+index)
        self.__mutable=True

    def vertex_exist(self,x):
        return self.index<=x<self.index+self.N

    def __after_seal_check(self,*vertexes):
        if self.__mutable:
            return False

        for v in vertexes:
            if not self.vertex_exist(v):
                return False
        return True

    def is_mutable(self):
        return self.__mutable

    #設定パート
    def root_set(self,root):
        """頂点xを根に設定する.
        """
        assert self.vertex_exist(root)
        assert self.__mutable

        self.root=root

    def parent_set(self,x,y):
        """頂点xの親をyに設定する.
        """
        assert self.vertex_exist(x)
        assert self.vertex_exist(y)
        assert self.__mutable

        self.parent[x]=y

    def child_set(self,x,y):
        """頂点xの子の一つにyを設定する.
        """
        assert self.vertex_exist(x)
        assert self.vertex_exist(y)
        assert self.__mutable

        self.parent[y]=x

    def seal(self):
        """木の情報を確定させる.
        """
        assert self.__mutable
        assert hasattr(self,"root")

        a=self.index
        b=self.index+self.N
        C=[[] for _ in range(b)]

        p=self.parent
        ve=self.vertex_exist
        for i in range(a,b):
            if i!=self.root:
                assert ve(p[i])
                C[p[i]].append(i)

        self.__mutable=False
        self.children=C

    #データを求める.
    def depth_search(self,Mode=True):
        """木の深さを求める.
        """

        assert self.__after_seal_check()

        if hasattr(self,"depth"):
            return self.depth

        from collections import deque
        C=self.children
        D=[-1]*(self.index+self.N)
        E=[[] for _ in range(self.N)]

        Q=deque([self.root])
        D[self.root]=0
        E[0]=[self.root]

        while Q:
            x=Q.popleft()
            d=D[x]
            for y in C[x]:
                D[y]=d+1
                E[d+1].append(y)
                Q.append(y)

        self.depth=D
        self.tower=E

        if Mode:
            return D

    def vertex_depth(self,x):
        """頂点xの深さを求める.
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check(x)

        if not hasattr(self,"depth"):
            self.depth_search(Mode=False)
        return self.depth[x]

    def __upper_list(self):
        assert self.__after_seal_check()

        if hasattr(self,"upper_list"):
            return

        if not hasattr(self,"depth"):
            self.depth_search(False)

        b=max(self.depth).bit_length()
        X=[[-1]*(self.index+self.N) for _ in range(b)]

        Y=X[0]
        p=self.parent
        rg=range(self.index,self.index+self.N)

        for x in rg:
            if x!=self.root:
                Y[x]=p[x]
            else:
                Y[x]=self.root

        for k in range(1,b):
            Y=X[k-1]
            Z=X[k]

            for x in rg:
                Z[x]=Y[Y[x]]
        self.upper_list=X

    def upper(self,x,k,over=True):
        """頂点xから見てk個親の頂点を求める.

        over:(頂点xの深さ)<dのときにTrueならば根を返し, Falseならばエラーを吐く.
        """

        assert self.__after_seal_check(x)
        assert 0<=k

        if not hasattr(self,"upper_list"):
            self.__upper_list()

        if self.vertex_depth(x)<k:
            if over:
                return self.root
            else:
                raise ValueError

        i=0
        while k:
            if k&1:
                x=self.upper_list[i][x]
            k>>=1
            i+=1
        return x

    def lowest_common_ancestor(self,x,y):
        """頂点x,yの最小共通先祖(x,yに共通する先祖で最も深いもの)を求める.
        """

        assert self.__after_seal_check(x,y)

        dd=self.vertex_depth(y)-self.vertex_depth(x)
        if dd<0:
            x,y=y,x
            dd=-dd

        y=self.upper(y,dd)
        if x==self.root:
            return x
        if x==y:
            return x

        d=self.vertex_depth(x)
        b=d.bit_length()

        X=self.upper_list
        for k in range(b-1,-1,-1):
            px=X[k][x];py=X[k][y]
            if px!=py:
                x=px;y=py

        return self.upper(x,1)

    def __degree_count(self):
        assert self.__after_seal_check()

        if hasattr(self,"deg"):
            return

        self.deg=[0]*(self.index+self.N)
        for v in range(self.index,self.index+self.N):
            d=len(self.children[v])+1
            if d!=self.root:
                d-=1
            self.deg[v]=d
        return

    def degree(self,v):
        """頂点vの次数を求める.
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check(v)

        if not hasattr(self,"deg"):
            self.__degree_count()
        return self.deg[v]

    def diameter(self):
        """木の直径を求める.
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check()

        from collections import deque
        def bfs(start):
            X=[-1]*(self.index+self.N)
            Q=deque([start])
            X[start]=0

            pa=self.parent
            ch=self.children
            while Q:
                x=Q.popleft()

                if X[pa[x]]==-1:
                    Q.append(pa[x])
                    X[pa[x]]=X[x]+1

                for y in ch[x]:
                    if X[y]==-1:
                        Q.append(y)
                        X[y]=X[x]+1
            y=max(range(self.index,self.index+self.N),key=lambda x:X[x])
            return y,X[y]

        y,_=bfs(self.root)
        z,d=bfs(y)
        return y,z,d

    def path(self,u,v):
        """頂点u,v間のパスを求める.
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check(u,v)

        w=self.lowest_common_ancestor(u,v)
        pa=self.parent

        X=[u]
        while u!=w:
            u=pa[u]
            X.append(u)

        Y=[v]
        while v!=w:
            v=pa[v]
            Y.append(v)
        return X+Y[-2::-1]

    def is_brother(self,u,v):
        """2つの頂点u,vは兄弟 (親が同じ) か?
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check(u,v)

        if u==self.root or v==self.root:
            return False
        return self.parent[u]==self.parent[v]

    def is_ancestor(self,u,v):
        """頂点uは頂点vの先祖か?
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check(u,v)

        dd=self.vertex_depth(v)-self.vertex_depth(u)
        if dd<0:
            return False

        v=self.upper(v,dd)
        return u==v

    def is_descendant(self,u,v):
        """頂点uは頂点vの子孫か?
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check(u,v)
        return self.is_ancestor(v,u)

    def is_leaf(self,v):
        """頂点vは葉?
        """

        return not bool(self.children[v])

    def distance(self,u,v):
        """2頂点u,v間の距離を求める.
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check(u,v)

        dep=self.vertex_depth
        return dep(u)+dep(v)-2*dep(self.lowest_common_ancestor(u,v))

    def __descendant_count(self):
        assert self.__after_seal_check()
        if hasattr(self,"des_count"):
            return

        if not hasattr(self,"tower"):
            self.depth_search(False)

        self.des_count=[1]*(self.index+self.N)
        pa=self.parent
        for T in self.tower[:0:-1]:
            for x in T:
                self.des_count[pa[x]]+=self.des_count[x]
        return

    def descendant_count(self,v):
        """頂点vの子孫の数を求める.
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check(v)
        self.__descendant_count()
        return self.des_count[v]

    def subtree_size(self,v):
        """頂点vを根とした部分根付き木のサイズを求める.
        """
        return self.descendant_count(v)

    def preorder(self,v):
        """頂点vの行きがけ順を求める.
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check(v)
        if hasattr(self,"preorder_number"):
            self.preorder_number[v]

        from collections import deque
        Q=deque([self.root])
        T=[-1]*(self.N+self.index)

        p=1
        while Q:
            x=Q.popleft()
            T[x]=p
            p+=1

            C=self.children[x]
            for y in C:
                Q.append(y)
        self.preorder_number=T
        return T[v]

    def dfs_yielder(self):
        """DFSにおける頂点の出入りをyieldする.

        (v,1): 頂点vに入る
        (v,0): 頂点vを出る
        """
        assert self.__after_seal_check()

        #最初
        yield (self.root,1)

        v=self.root

        ch=self.children
        pa=self.parent

        R=[-1]*self.index+[len(ch[x]) for x in range(self.index,self.index+self.N)]
        S=[0]*(self.index+self.N)

        while True:
            if R[v]==S[v]:  #もし,進めないならば
                yield (v,0) #頂点vを出る
                if v==self.root:
                    break
                else:
                    v=pa[v]
            else:   #進める
                w=v
                v=ch[v][S[v]]
                S[w]+=1
                yield (v,1)

    def top_down(self):
        assert self.__after_seal_check()
        if not hasattr(self,"tower"):
            self.depth_search(False)

        for E in self.tower:
            for v in E:
                yield v

    def bottom_up(self):
        assert self.__after_seal_check()
        if not hasattr(self,"tower"):
            self.depth_search(False)

        for E in self.tower[::-1]:
            for v in E:
                yield v

    def tree_dp(self,calc,unit,f,g,Mode=False):
        """葉から木DPを行う.

        [input]
        calc:モノイドを成す2項演算 M x M -> M
        unit:Mの単位元
        f,g: M -> M
        Mode: False->根の値のみ, True->全ての値

        [補足]
        頂点 v の子が x,y,z,...のとき, 更新式は
        dp[v]=g(f(x)*f(y)*f(z)*...)
        になる.
        """

        data=[unit]*(self.index+self.N)
        pa=self.parent
        for x in self.bottom_up():
            if x==self.root:
                break

            data[x]=g(data[x])
            data[pa[x]]=calc(data[pa[x]],f(data[x]))

        if Mode:
            return data
        else:
            return data[self.root]
#==================================================
class Binary_Indexed_Tree():
    def __init__(self,L,calc,unit,inv,index=1):
        """calcを演算とするN項のBinary Indexed Treeを作成
        calc:演算(2変数関数,群)
        unit:群calcの単位元(xe=ex=xを満たすe)
        inv:群calcの逆元(1変数関数)
        """
        self.calc=calc
        self.unit=unit
        self.inv=inv
        self.index=index

        N=len(L)
        d=max(1,(N-1).bit_length())
        k=2**d

        X=[None]+[unit]*k

        self.num=k
        self.depth=d

        if L:
            for i in range(len(L)):
                p=i+1
                while p<=k:
                    X[p]=self.calc(X[p],L[i])
                    p+=p&(-p)
        self.data=X

    def index_number(self,k,index=1):
        """第k要素の値を出力する.
        k:数列の要素
        index:先頭の要素の番号
        """
        return self.sum(k,k,index)

    def add(self,k,x,index=1,right=False):
        """第k要素にxを左から加え,更新を行う.
        k:数列の要素
        x:更新後の値
        index:先頭の要素の番号
        right:「左から」が「右から」になる
        """
        p=k+(1-index)
        while p<=self.num:
            if right==False:
                #左から
                self.data[p]=self.calc(x,self.data[p])
            else:
                #右から
                self.data[p]=self.calc(self.data[p],x)
            p+=p&(-p)

    def update(self,k,x,index=1,right=False):
        """第k要素をxに変え,更新を行う.
        k:数列の要素
        x:更新後の値
        """

        a=self.index_number(k,index)
        if right==False:
            #左から
            y=self.calc(x,self.inv(a))
        else:
            #右から
            y=self.calc(self.inv(a),x)

        self.add(k,y,index,right)

    def sum(self,From,To,index=1):
        """第From要素から第To要素までの総和を求める.
        ※From!=1を使うならば,群でなくてはならない.
        From:始まり
        To:終わり
        index:先頭の要素の番号
        """
        alpha=max(1,From+(1-index))
        beta=min(self.num,To+(1-index))

        if alpha==1:
            return self.__section(beta)
        else:
            return self.calc(self.inv(self.__section(alpha-1)),self.__section(beta))

    def __section(self,To):
        S=self.unit
        x=To
        while x>0:
            S=self.calc(self.data[x],S)
            x-=x&(-x)
        return S

    def all_sum(self):
        return self.data[-1]

    def __getitem__(self,index):
        if isinstance(index,int):
            return self.index_number(index,self.index)
        else:
            return [self.index_number(t,self.index) for t in index]

    def __setitem__(self,index,val):
        self.update(index,val,self.index)
#=================================================
from operator import add,neg

N=int(input())
A=[-1]+list(map(int,input().split()))

T=Tree(N)
T.root_set(0)
for i in range(1,N):
    T.parent_set(i,A[i])
T.seal()

B=Binary_Indexed_Tree([0]*N,add,0,neg,0)
X=0
for v,m in T.dfs_yielder():
    if m==1:
        X+=B.sum(0,v,0)
        B.add(v,1,0)
    else:
        B.add(v,-1,0)

print(X)