# require "graph" struct Edge(T) include Comparable(Edge(T)) property to : Int32 property cost : T def initialize(@to : Int32, @cost : T) end def <=>(other : Edge(T)) {cost, to} <=> {other.cost, other.to} end def to_s(io) : Nil io << '(' << to << ", " << cost << ')' end def inspect(io) : Nil io << "->#{to}(#{cost})" end end struct Edge2(T) include Comparable(Edge2(T)) property from : Int32 property to : Int32 property cost : T def initialize(@from : Int32, @to : Int32, @cost : T) end def <=>(other : Edge2(T)) {cost, from, to} <=> {other.cost, other.from, other.to} end def reverse Edge2(T).new(to, from, cost) end def to_s(io) : Nil io << '(' << from << ", " << to << ", " << cost << ')' end def inspect(io) : Nil io << "#{from}->#{to}(#{cost})" end end struct UnweightedEdge2 property from : Int32 property to : Int32 def initialize(@from, @to) end def reverse UnweightedEdge2.new(to, from) end def to_s(io) : Nil io << '(' << from << ", " << to << ')' end def inspect(io) : Nil io << "#{from}->#{to}" end end abstract class Graph(T) getter graph : Array(Array(Edge(T))) def initialize(size : Int) raise ArgumentError.new("Negative graph size: #{size}") unless size >= 0 @graph = Array.new(size) { Array(Edge(T)).new } end abstract def add_edge(edge : Edge2(T)) abstract def add_edges(edges : Array(Edge2(T))) def add_edge(i : Int32, j : Int32, cost : T) add_edge(Edge2.new(i, j, cost)) end delegate size, to: @graph delegate :[], to: @graph def each_edge : Nil (0...size).each do |v| graph[v].each do |edge| yield Edge2(T).new(v, edge.to, edge.cost) end end end def edges : Array(Edge2(T)) result = [] of Edge2(T) each_edge do |edge| result << edge end result end end class DirectedGraph(T) < Graph(T) def initialize(size : Int) super end def initialize(size : Int, edges : Array(Edge2(T))) super(size) add_edges(edges) end def add_edge(edge : Edge2(T)) raise IndexError.new unless 0 <= edge.from < size raise IndexError.new unless 0 <= edge.to < size @graph[edge.from] << Edge.new(edge.to, edge.cost) self end def add_edges(edges : Array(Edge2(T))) edges.each { |edge| add_edge(edge) } self end end class UndirectedGraph(T) < Graph(T) def initialize(size : Int) super end def initialize(size : Int, edges : Array(Edge2(T))) super(size) add_edges(edges) end def add_edge(edge : Edge2(T)) raise IndexError.new unless 0 <= edge.from < size raise IndexError.new unless 0 <= edge.to < size @graph[edge.from] << Edge.new(edge.to, edge.cost) @graph[edge.to] << Edge.new(edge.from, edge.cost) self end def add_edges(edges : Array(Edge2(T))) edges.each { |edge| add_edge(edge) } self end end abstract class UnweightedGraph getter graph : Array(Array(Int32)) def initialize(size : Int) raise ArgumentError.new("Negative graph size: #{size}") unless size >= 0 @graph = Array.new(size) { Array(Int32).new } end abstract def add_edge(edge : UnweightedEdge2) abstract def add_edges(edges : Array(UnweightedEdge2)) def add_edge(i : Int32, j : Int32) add_edge(UnweightedEdge2.new(i, j)) end delegate size, to: @graph delegate :[], to: @graph def each_edge : Nil (0...size).each do |v| graph[v].each do |u| yield UnweightedEdge2.new(v, u) end end end def edges : Array(UnweightedEdge2) result = [] of UnweightedEdge2 each_edge do |edge| result << edge end result end end class UnweightedDirectedGraph < UnweightedGraph def initialize(size : Int) super end def initialize(size : Int, edges : Array(UnweightedEdge2)) super(size) add_edges(edges) end def add_edge(edge : UnweightedEdge2) raise IndexError.new unless 0 <= edge.from < size raise IndexError.new unless 0 <= edge.to < size @graph[edge.from] << edge.to self end def add_edges(edges : Array(UnweightedEdge2)) edges.each { |edge| add_edge(edge) } self end end class UnweightedUndirectedGraph < UnweightedGraph def initialize(size : Int) super end def initialize(size : Int, edges : Array(UnweightedEdge2)) super(size) add_edges(edges) end def add_edge(edge : UnweightedEdge2) raise IndexError.new unless 0 <= edge.from < size raise IndexError.new unless 0 <= edge.to < size @graph[edge.from] << edge.to @graph[edge.to] << edge.from self end def add_edges(edges : Array(UnweightedEdge2)) edges.each { |edge| add_edge(edge) } self end end n = read_line.to_i g = UnweightedUndirectedGraph.new(n) (1...n).reverse_each do |i| v = 0 while g[i].size < i if v == 0 g.add_edge(i, v) v = i - 1 else g.add_edge(i, v) v = v - 1 end end end puts g.edges.size // 2 puts g.edges.select { |e| e.from < e.to }.join('\n') { |e| "#{e.from + 1} #{e.to + 1}" }