pub fn main() { crate::prepare!(); sc!(n, m, (g, _): {DirectedGraphScanner::::new(n, m)}); let mut vis = vec![false; n]; for (u, v) in g.edges.iter().cloned() { vis[u] = true; vis[v] = true; } let mut vs = vec![]; let ord = g.topological_sort(); for u in ord { if vis[u] { vs.push(u); vis[u] = false; } } let mut edges = vec![]; for w in vs.windows(2) { edges.push((w[0], w[1])); vis[w[0]] = false; vis[w[1]] = false; } let vs: Vec<_> = (0..n).filter(|u| vis[*u]).collect(); for i in 0..vs.len() { edges.push((vs[i], vs[(i + 1) % vs.len()])); } pp!(edges.len()); for (u, v) in edges { pp!(u + 1, v + 1); } } mod main_macros{#[doc=" Prepare useful macros."]#[doc=" - `prepare!();`: default (all input scanner (`sc!`, `sv!`) + buf print (`pp!`))"]#[doc=" - `prepare!(?);`: interactive (line scanner (`scln!`) + buf print (`pp!`))"]#[macro_export]macro_rules!prepare{(@normal($dol:tt))=>{#[allow(unused_imports)]use std::io::Write as _;let __out=std::io::stdout();#[allow(unused_mut,unused_variables)]let mut __out=std::io::BufWriter::new(__out.lock());#[allow(unused_macros)]macro_rules!pp{($dol($dol t:tt)*)=>{$dol crate::iter_print!(__out,$dol($dol t)*)}}let __in_buf=read_stdin_all_unchecked();#[allow(unused_mut,unused_variables)]let mut __scanner=Scanner::new(&__in_buf);#[allow(unused_macros)]macro_rules!sc{($dol($dol t:tt)*)=>{$dol crate::scan!(__scanner,$dol($dol t)*)}}#[allow(unused_macros)]macro_rules!sv{($dol($dol t:tt)*)=>{$dol crate::scan_value!(__scanner,$dol($dol t)*)}}};(@interactive($dol:tt))=>{#[allow(unused_imports)]use std::io::Write as _;let __out=std::io::stdout();#[allow(unused_mut,unused_variables)]let mut __out=std::io::BufWriter::new(__out.lock());#[allow(unused_macros)]#[doc=" - to flush: `pp!(@flush);`"]macro_rules!pp{($dol($dol t:tt)*)=>{$dol crate::iter_print!(__out,$dol($dol t)*)}}#[allow(unused_macros)]#[doc=" Scan a line, and previous line will be truncated in the next call."]macro_rules!scln{($dol($dol t:tt)*)=>{let __in_buf=read_stdin_line();#[allow(unused_mut,unused_variables)]let mut __scanner=Scanner::new(&__in_buf);$dol crate::scan!(__scanner,$dol($dol t)*)}}};()=>{$crate::prepare!(@normal($))};(?)=>{$crate::prepare!(@interactive($))};}} mod iter_print{use std::{fmt::Display,io::{Error,Write}};pub trait IterPrint{fn iter_print(self,writer:&mut W,sep:S,is_head:bool)->Result<(),Error>where W:Write,S:Display;}macro_rules!iter_print_tuple_impl{(@impl$($A:ident$a:ident)?,$($B:ident$b:ident)*)=>{impl<$($A,)?$($B),*>IterPrint for($($A,)?$($B),*)where$($A:Display,)?$($B:Display),*{#[allow(unused_variables)]fn iter_print(self,writer:&mut W,sep:S,is_head:bool)->Result<(),Error>where W:Write,S:Display{let($($a,)?$($b,)*)=self;$(if is_head{::std::write!(writer,"{}",$a)?;}else{::std::write!(writer,"{}{}",sep,$a)?;})?$(::std::write!(writer,"{}{}",sep,$b)?;)*Ok(())}}};(@inc,,$C:ident$c:ident$($D:ident$d:ident)*)=>{iter_print_tuple_impl!(@impl,);iter_print_tuple_impl!(@inc$C$c,,$($D$d)*);};(@inc$A:ident$a:ident,$($B:ident$b:ident)*,$C:ident$c:ident$($D:ident$d:ident)*)=>{iter_print_tuple_impl!(@impl$A$a,$($B$b)*);iter_print_tuple_impl!(@inc$A$a,$($B$b)*$C$c,$($D$d)*);};(@inc$A:ident$a:ident,$($B:ident$b:ident)*,)=>{iter_print_tuple_impl!(@impl$A$a,$($B$b)*);};($($t:tt)*)=>{iter_print_tuple_impl!(@inc,,$($t)*);};}iter_print_tuple_impl!(A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k);#[doc=" Print expressions with a separator."]#[doc=" - `iter_print!(writer, args...)`"]#[doc=" - `@sep $expr,`: set separator (default: `' '`)"]#[doc=" - `@fmt $lit => {$($expr),*}`: print `format!($lit, $($expr),*)`"]#[doc=" - `@iter $expr`: print iterator"]#[doc=" - `@tuple $expr`: print tuple (need to import [`IterPrint`])"]#[doc=" - `$expr`: print expr"]#[doc=" - `;`: println"]#[macro_export]macro_rules!iter_print{(@@fmt$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,$lit:literal,$($e:expr),*)=>{if!$is_head{::std::write!($writer,"{}",$sep).expect("io error");}::std::write!($writer,$lit,$($e),*).expect("io error");};(@@item$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,$e:expr)=>{$crate::iter_print!(@@fmt$writer,$sep,$is_head,"{}",$e);};(@@line_feed$writer:expr$(,)?)=>{::std::writeln!($writer).expect("io error");};(@@iter$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,$iter:expr)=>{{let mut iter=$iter.into_iter();if let Some(item)=iter.next(){$crate::iter_print!(@@item$writer,$sep,$is_head,item);}for item in iter{$crate::iter_print!(@@item$writer,$sep,false,item);}}};(@@tuple$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,$tuple:expr)=>{IterPrint::iter_print($tuple,&mut$writer,$sep,$is_head).expect("io error");};(@@assert_tag item)=>{};(@@assert_tag iter)=>{};(@@assert_tag tuple)=>{};(@@assert_tag$tag:ident)=>{::std::compile_error!(::std::concat!("invalid tag in `iter_print!`: `",std::stringify!($tag),"`"));};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,@sep$e:expr,$($t:tt)*)=>{$crate::iter_print!(@@inner$writer,$e,$is_head,$($t)*);};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,@flush$($t:tt)*)=>{$writer.flush().expect("io error");$crate::iter_print!(@@inner$writer,$sep,$is_head,$($t)*);};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,@fmt$lit:literal=>{$($e:expr),*$(,)?}$($t:tt)*)=>{$crate::iter_print!(@@fmt$writer,$sep,$is_head,$lit,$($e),*);$crate::iter_print!(@@inner$writer,$sep,$is_head,$($t)*);};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,@$tag:ident$e:expr,$($t:tt)*)=>{$crate::iter_print!(@@assert_tag$tag);$crate::iter_print!(@@$tag$writer,$sep,$is_head,$e);$crate::iter_print!(@@inner$writer,$sep,false,$($t)*);};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,@$tag:ident$e:expr;$($t:tt)*)=>{$crate::iter_print!(@@assert_tag$tag);$crate::iter_print!(@@$tag$writer,$sep,$is_head,$e);$crate::iter_print!(@@line_feed$writer);$crate::iter_print!(@@inner$writer,$sep,true,$($t)*);};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,@$tag:ident$e:expr)=>{$crate::iter_print!(@@assert_tag$tag);$crate::iter_print!(@@$tag$writer,$sep,$is_head,$e);$crate::iter_print!(@@inner$writer,$sep,false,);};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,@$tag:ident$($t:tt)*)=>{::std::compile_error!(::std::concat!("invalid expr in `iter_print!`: `",std::stringify!($($t)*),"`"));};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,,$($t:tt)*)=>{$crate::iter_print!(@@inner$writer,$sep,$is_head,$($t)*);};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,;$($t:tt)*)=>{$crate::iter_print!(@@line_feed$writer);$crate::iter_print!(@@inner$writer,$sep,$is_head,$($t)*);};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,)=>{$crate::iter_print!(@@line_feed$writer);};(@@inner$writer:expr,$sep:expr,$is_head:expr,$($t:tt)*)=>{$crate::iter_print!(@@inner$writer,$sep,$is_head,@item$($t)*);};($writer:expr,$($t:tt)*)=>{{$crate::iter_print!(@@inner$writer,' ',true,$($t)*);}};}} pub fn read_stdin_all_unchecked()->String{use std::io::Read as _;let mut buf=Vec::new();std::io::stdin().read_to_end(&mut buf).expect("io error");unsafe{String::from_utf8_unchecked(buf)}} pub fn read_stdin_line()->String{let mut s=String::new();std::io::stdin().read_line(&mut s).expect("io error");s} pub use scanner_impls::{IterScan,MarkedIterScan,Scanner}; mod scanner_impls{pub trait IterScan:Sized{type Output;fn scan<'a,I:Iterator>(iter:&mut I)->Option;}pub trait MarkedIterScan:Sized{type Output;fn mscan<'a,I:Iterator>(self,iter:&mut I)->Option;}#[derive(Clone,Debug)]pub struct Scanner<'a>{iter:std::str::SplitAsciiWhitespace<'a>}impl<'a>Scanner<'a>{#[inline]pub fn new(s:&'a str)->Self{let iter=s.split_ascii_whitespace();Self{iter}}#[inline]pub fn scan(&mut self)->::Output where T:IterScan{::scan(&mut self.iter).expect("scan error")}#[inline]pub fn mscan(&mut self,marker:T)->::Output where T:MarkedIterScan{marker.mscan(&mut self.iter).expect("scan error")}#[inline]pub fn scan_vec(&mut self,size:usize)->Vec<::Output>where T:IterScan{(0..size).map(|_|::scan(&mut self.iter).expect("scan error")).collect()}#[inline]pub fn iter<'b,T>(&'b mut self)->ScannerIter<'a,'b,T>where T:IterScan{ScannerIter{inner:self,_marker:std::marker::PhantomData}}}macro_rules!iter_scan_impls{($($t:ty)*)=>{$(impl IterScan for$t{type Output=Self;#[inline]fn scan<'a,I:Iterator>(iter:&mut I)->Option{iter.next()?.parse::<$t>().ok()}})*};}iter_scan_impls!(char u8 u16 u32 u64 usize i8 i16 i32 i64 isize f32 f64 u128 i128 String);macro_rules!iter_scan_tuple_impl{($($T:ident)*)=>{impl<$($T:IterScan),*>IterScan for($($T,)*){type Output=($(<$T as IterScan>::Output,)*);#[inline]fn scan<'a,It:Iterator>(_iter:&mut It)->Option{Some(($(<$T as IterScan>::scan(_iter)?,)*))}}};}iter_scan_tuple_impl!();iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A);iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A B);iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A B C);iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A B C D);iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A B C D E);iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A B C D E F);iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A B C D E F G);iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A B C D E F G H);iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A B C D E F G H I);iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A B C D E F G H I J);iter_scan_tuple_impl!(A B C D E F G H I J K);pub struct ScannerIter<'a,'b,T>{inner:&'b mut Scanner<'a>,_marker:std::marker::PhantomDataT>}impl<'a,'b,T>Iterator for ScannerIter<'a,'b,T>where T:IterScan{type Item=::Output;#[inline]fn next(&mut self)->Option{::scan(&mut self.inner.iter)}}#[macro_export]macro_rules!scan_value{($scanner:expr,($($t:tt),*))=>{($($crate::scan_value!($scanner,$t)),*)};($scanner:expr,[$t:tt;$len:expr])=>{(0..$len).map(|_|$crate::scan_value!($scanner,$t)).collect::>()};($scanner:expr,[$t:ty;$len:expr])=>{$scanner.scan_vec::<$t>($len)};($scanner:expr,[$t:ty])=>{$scanner.iter::<$t>()};($scanner:expr,{$e:expr})=>{$scanner.mscan($e)};($scanner:expr,$t:ty)=>{$scanner.scan::<$t>()};}#[macro_export]macro_rules!scan{($scanner:expr)=>{};($scanner:expr,)=>{};($scanner:expr,mut$var:tt:$t:tt)=>{let mut$var=$crate::scan_value!($scanner,$t);};($scanner:expr,$var:tt:$t:tt)=>{let$var=$crate::scan_value!($scanner,$t);};($scanner:expr,mut$var:tt:$t:tt,$($rest:tt)*)=>{let mut$var=$crate::scan_value!($scanner,$t);scan!($scanner,$($rest)*)};($scanner:expr,$var:tt:$t:tt,$($rest:tt)*)=>{let$var=$crate::scan_value!($scanner,$t);scan!($scanner,$($rest)*)};($scanner:expr,mut$var:tt)=>{let mut$var=$crate::scan_value!($scanner,usize);};($scanner:expr,$var:tt)=>{let$var=$crate::scan_value!($scanner,usize);};($scanner:expr,mut$var:tt,$($rest:tt)*)=>{let mut$var=$crate::scan_value!($scanner,usize);scan!($scanner,$($rest)*)};($scanner:expr,$var:tt,$($rest:tt)*)=>{let$var=$crate::scan_value!($scanner,usize);scan!($scanner,$($rest)*)};}} pub use marker_impls::{CharWithBase,Chars,CharsWithBase,Collect,SizedCollect,Usize1}; mod marker_impls{use super::*;use std::{iter::{repeat_with,FromIterator},marker::PhantomData};#[derive(Debug,Copy,Clone)]pub struct Usize1;impl IterScan for Usize1{type Output=usize;#[inline]fn scan<'a,I:Iterator>(iter:&mut I)->Option{::scan(iter)?.checked_sub(1)}}#[derive(Debug,Copy,Clone)]pub struct CharWithBase(pub char);impl MarkedIterScan for CharWithBase{type Output=usize;#[inline]fn mscan<'a,I:Iterator>(self,iter:&mut I)->Option{Some((::scan(iter)?as u8-self.0 as u8)as usize)}}#[derive(Debug,Copy,Clone)]pub struct Chars;impl IterScan for Chars{type Output=Vec;#[inline]fn scan<'a,I:Iterator>(iter:&mut I)->Option{Some(iter.next()?.chars().collect())}}#[derive(Debug,Copy,Clone)]pub struct CharsWithBase(pub char);impl MarkedIterScan for CharsWithBase{type Output=Vec;#[inline]fn mscan<'a,I:Iterator>(self,iter:&mut I)->Option{Some(iter.next()?.chars().map(|c|(c as u8-self.0 as u8)as usize).collect())}}#[derive(Debug,Copy,Clone)]pub struct Collect::Output>>where T:IterScan,B:FromIterator<::Output>{size:usize,_marker:PhantomData(T,B)>}implCollectwhere T:IterScan,B:FromIterator<::Output>{pub fn new(size:usize)->Self{Self{size,_marker:PhantomData}}}implMarkedIterScan for Collectwhere T:IterScan,B:FromIterator<::Output>{type Output=B;#[inline]fn mscan<'a,I:Iterator>(self,iter:&mut I)->Option{repeat_with(||::scan(iter)).take(self.size).collect()}}#[derive(Debug,Copy,Clone)]pub struct SizedCollect::Output>>where T:IterScan,B:FromIterator<::Output>{_marker:PhantomData(T,B)>}implIterScan for SizedCollectwhere T:IterScan,B:FromIterator<::Output>{type Output=B;#[inline]fn scan<'a,I:Iterator>(iter:&mut I)->Option{let size=usize::scan(iter)?;repeat_with(||::scan(iter)).take(size).collect()}}} pub use sparse_graph::{Adjacency,BidirectionalGraphScanner,BidirectionalSparseGraph,DirectedGraphScanner,DirectedSparseGraph,SparseGraph,TreeGraphScanner,UndirectedGraphScanner,UndirectedSparseGraph}; pub mod sparse_graph{use super::*;use std::{iter,marker::PhantomData,ops,slice};type Marker=PhantomDataT>;#[derive(Clone,Copy,Debug,Default,Eq,PartialEq,Ord,PartialOrd,Hash)]pub struct DirectedEdge;#[derive(Clone,Copy,Debug,Default,Eq,PartialEq,Ord,PartialOrd,Hash)]pub struct UndirectedEdge;#[derive(Clone,Copy,Debug,Default,Eq,PartialEq,Ord,PartialOrd,Hash)]pub struct BidirectionalEdge;#[derive(Clone,Copy,Debug,Default,Eq,PartialEq,Ord,PartialOrd,Hash)]pub struct Adjacency{pub id:usize,pub to:usize}impl Adjacency{pub fn new(id:usize,to:usize)->Adjacency{Adjacency{id,to}}}#[doc=" Static Sparse Graph represented as Compressed Sparse Row."]#[derive(Debug,Clone)]pub struct SparseGraph{vsize:usize,pub start:Vec,pub elist:Vec,pub edges:Vec<(usize,usize)>,_marker:Marker}implSparseGraph{#[doc=" Return the number of vertices."]pub fn vertices_size(&self)->usize{self.vsize}#[doc=" Return the number of edges."]pub fn edges_size(&self)->usize{self.edges.len()}#[doc=" Return an iterator over graph vertices."]pub fn vertices(&self)->ops::Range{0..self.vertices_size()}#[doc=" Return a slice of adjacency vertices."]pub fn adjacencies(&self,v:usize)->slice::Iter<'_,Adjacency>{self.elist[self.start[v]..self.start[v+1]].iter()}}pub trait SparseGraphConstruction:Sized{fn construct_graph(vsize:usize,edges:Vec<(usize,usize)>)->SparseGraph;}implSparseGraph{#[doc=" Construct graph from edges."]pub fn from_edges(vsize:usize,edges:Vec<(usize,usize)>)->Self{D::construct_graph(vsize,edges)}}impl SparseGraphConstruction for DirectedEdge{fn construct_graph(vsize:usize,edges:Vec<(usize,usize)>)->SparseGraph{let mut start:Vec<_>=iter::repeat(0).take(vsize+1).collect();let mut elist=Vec::with_capacity(edges.len());unsafe{elist.set_len(edges.len())}for(from,_)in edges.iter().cloned(){start[from]+=1;}for i in 1..=vsize{start[i]+=start[i-1];}for(id,(from,to))in edges.iter().cloned().enumerate(){start[from]-=1;elist[start[from]]=Adjacency::new(id,to);}SparseGraph{vsize,start,elist,edges,_marker:PhantomData}}}impl SparseGraphConstruction for UndirectedEdge{fn construct_graph(vsize:usize,edges:Vec<(usize,usize)>)->SparseGraph{let mut start:Vec<_>=iter::repeat(0).take(vsize+1).collect();let mut elist=Vec::with_capacity(edges.len()*2);unsafe{elist.set_len(edges.len()*2)}for(from,to)in edges.iter().cloned(){start[to]+=1;start[from]+=1;}for i in 1..=vsize{start[i]+=start[i-1];}for(id,(from,to))in edges.iter().cloned().enumerate(){start[from]-=1;elist[start[from]]=Adjacency::new(id,to);start[to]-=1;elist[start[to]]=Adjacency::new(id,from);}SparseGraph{vsize,start,elist,edges,_marker:PhantomData}}}impl SparseGraphConstruction for BidirectionalEdge{fn construct_graph(vsize:usize,edges:Vec<(usize,usize)>)->SparseGraph{let mut start:Vec<_>=iter::repeat(0).take(vsize+1).collect();let mut elist=Vec::with_capacity(edges.len()*2);unsafe{elist.set_len(edges.len()*2)}for(from,to)in edges.iter().cloned(){start[to]+=1;start[from]+=1;}for i in 1..=vsize{start[i]+=start[i-1];}for(id,(from,to))in edges.iter().cloned().enumerate(){start[from]-=1;elist[start[from]]=Adjacency::new(id*2,to);start[to]-=1;elist[start[to]]=Adjacency::new(id*2+1,from);}SparseGraph{vsize,start,elist,edges,_marker:PhantomData}}}pub type DirectedSparseGraph=SparseGraph;pub type UndirectedSparseGraph=SparseGraph;pub type BidirectionalSparseGraph=SparseGraph;pub struct SparseGraphScanner,T:IterScan,D>{vsize:usize,esize:usize,_marker:Marker<(U,T,D)>}impl,T:IterScan,D>SparseGraphScanner{pub fn new(vsize:usize,esize:usize)->Self{Self{vsize,esize,_marker:PhantomData}}}impl,T:IterScan,D:SparseGraphConstruction>MarkedIterScan for SparseGraphScanner{type Output=(SparseGraph,Vec<::Output>);fn mscan<'a,I:Iterator>(self,iter:&mut I)->Option{let mut edges=Vec::with_capacity(self.esize);let mut rest=Vec::with_capacity(self.esize);for _ in 0..self.esize{edges.push((U::scan(iter)?,U::scan(iter)?));rest.push(T::scan(iter)?);}let graph=SparseGraph::from_edges(self.vsize,edges);Some((graph,rest))}}pub type DirectedGraphScanner=SparseGraphScanner;pub type UndirectedGraphScanner=SparseGraphScanner;pub type BidirectionalGraphScanner=SparseGraphScanner;pub struct TreeGraphScanner,T:IterScan=()>{vsize:usize,_marker:Marker<(U,T)>}impl,T:IterScan>TreeGraphScanner{pub fn new(vsize:usize)->Self{Self{vsize,_marker:PhantomData}}}impl,T:IterScan>MarkedIterScan for TreeGraphScanner{type Output=(UndirectedSparseGraph,Vec<::Output>);fn mscan<'a,I:Iterator>(self,iter:&mut I)->Option{UndirectedGraphScanner::::new(self.vsize,self.vsize-1).mscan(iter)}}} implSparseGraph{pub fn topological_sort(&self)->Vec{let mut indeg=vec![0;self.vertices_size()];let mut res=vec![];for a in self.vertices().flat_map(|u|self.adjacencies(u)){indeg[a.to]+=1;}let mut stack=self.vertices().filter(|&u|indeg[u]==0).collect::>();while let Some(u)=stack.pop(){res.push(u);for a in self.adjacencies(u){indeg[a.to]-=1;if indeg[a.to]==0{stack.push(a.to);}}}res}}