#define LOCAL #include using namespace std; #pragma region Macros typedef long long ll; typedef __int128_t i128; typedef unsigned int uint; typedef unsigned long long ull; #define ALL(x) (x).begin(), (x).end() template istream& operator>>(istream& is, vector& v) { for (T& x : v) is >> x; return is; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const vector& v) { for (int i = 0; i < (int)v.size(); i++) { os << v[i] << (i + 1 == (int)v.size() ? "" : " "); } return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const pair& p) { os << '(' << p.first << ',' << p.second << ')'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const tuple& t) { os << '(' << get<0>(t) << ',' << get<1>(t) << ',' << get<2>(t) << ')'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const tuple& t) { os << '(' << get<0>(t) << ',' << get<1>(t) << ',' << get<2>(t) << ',' << get<3>(t) << ')'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const map& m) { os << '{'; for (auto itr = m.begin(); itr != m.end();) { os << '(' << itr->first << ',' << itr->second << ')'; if (++itr != m.end()) os << ','; } os << '}'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const unordered_map& m) { os << '{'; for (auto itr = m.begin(); itr != m.end();) { os << '(' << itr->first << ',' << itr->second << ')'; if (++itr != m.end()) os << ','; } os << '}'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const set& s) { os << '{'; for (auto itr = s.begin(); itr != s.end();) { os << *itr; if (++itr != s.end()) os << ','; } os << '}'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const multiset& s) { os << '{'; for (auto itr = s.begin(); itr != s.end();) { os << *itr; if (++itr != s.end()) os << ','; } os << '}'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const unordered_set& s) { os << '{'; for (auto itr = s.begin(); itr != s.end();) { os << *itr; if (++itr != s.end()) os << ','; } os << '}'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const deque& v) { for (int i = 0; i < (int)v.size(); i++) { os << v[i] << (i + 1 == (int)v.size() ? "" : " "); } return os; } void debug_out() { cerr << '\n'; } template void debug_out(Head&& head, Tail&&... tail) { cerr << head; if (sizeof...(Tail) > 0) cerr << ", "; debug_out(move(tail)...); } #ifdef LOCAL #define debug(...) \ cerr << " "; \ cerr << #__VA_ARGS__ << " :[" << __LINE__ << ":" << __FUNCTION__ << "]" << '\n'; \ cerr << " "; \ debug_out(__VA_ARGS__) #else #define debug(...) 42 #endif template T gcd(T x, T y) { return y != 0 ? gcd(y, x % y) : x; } template T lcm(T x, T y) { return x / gcd(x, y) * y; } template inline bool chmin(T1& a, T2 b) { if (a > b) { a = b; return true; } return false; } template inline bool chmax(T1& a, T2 b) { if (a < b) { a = b; return true; } return false; } #pragma endregion /** * @brief UnionFind * @docs docs/datastructure/UnionFind.md */ struct UnionFind { int num; vector par, rank; UnionFind(int n) : num(n), par(n), rank(n, 1) { iota(par.begin(), par.end(), 0); } int root(int x) { return (par[x] == x ? x : par[x] = root(par[x])); } bool merge(int x, int y) { x = root(x); y = root(y); if (x == y) return false; if (rank[x] < rank[y]) swap(x, y); par[y] = x; rank[x] += rank[y]; num--; return true; } bool same(int x, int y) { return root(x) == root(y); } int size(int x) { return rank[root(x)]; } int count() { return num; } int operator[](int x) { return root(x); } }; /** * @brief Cycle Detection * @docs docs/graph/CycleDetection.md */ template struct CycleDetection { vector> G; vector seen, finished; stack hist; int pos; CycleDetection(int n) : G(n), seen(n, 0), finished(n, 0), pos(-1) {} void add_edge(int u, int v) { G[u].emplace_back(v); } void dfs(int v, int p) { seen[v] = 1; hist.emplace(v); for (int u : G[v]) { if (!directed && u == p) continue; if (finished[u]) continue; if (seen[u] && !finished[u]) { pos = u; return; } dfs(u, v); if (~pos) return; } finished[v] = 1; hist.pop(); } vector build() { for (int v = 0; v < (int)G.size(); v++) { if (!seen[v]) dfs(v, -1); if (~pos) break; } vector res; while (!hist.empty()) { int t = hist.top(); hist.pop(); res.emplace_back(t); if (t == pos) break; } return res; } }; /** * @brief Topological Sort * @docs docs/graph/TopologicalSort.md */ struct TopologicalSort { vector> G; vector seen, order; TopologicalSort(int n) : G(n), seen(n) {} void add_edge(int u, int v) { G[u].emplace_back(v); } void dfs(int v) { seen[v] = 1; for (int u : G[v]) { if (!seen[u]) dfs(u); } order.emplace_back(v); } vector build() { for (int i = 0; i < (int)G.size(); i++) { if (!seen[i]) dfs(i); } reverse(order.begin(), order.end()); return order; } int operator[](int i) { return order[i]; } }; /** * @brief compress */ template map compress(vector& v) { sort(v.begin(), v.end()); v.erase(unique(v.begin(), v.end()), v.end()); map res; for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) res[v[i]] = i; return res; } const int INF = 1e9; const long long IINF = 1e18; const int dx[4] = {1, 0, -1, 0}, dy[4] = {0, 1, 0, -1}; const char dir[4] = {'D', 'R', 'U', 'L'}; const long long MOD = 1000000007; // const long long MOD = 998244353; int main() { cin.tie(0); ios::sync_with_stdio(false); int N, M; cin >> N >> M; vector U(M), V(M); UnionFind UF(N); for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) { cin >> U[i] >> V[i]; UF.merge(--U[i], --V[i]); } vector> group(N), es(N); for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) group[UF[i]].emplace_back(i); for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) es[UF[U[i]]].emplace_back(i); vector> ans; for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { if (group[i].empty()) continue; int sz = group[i].size(); CycleDetection CD(sz); TopologicalSort TS(sz); map mp = compress(group[i]); for (int& e : es[i]) { CD.add_edge(mp[U[e]], mp[V[e]]); TS.add_edge(mp[U[e]], mp[V[e]]); } if (!CD.build().empty()) { for (int j = 0; j < sz; j++) { ans.emplace_back(group[i][j], group[i][(j + 1) % sz]); } } else { TS.build(); for (int j = 0; j < sz - 1; j++) ans.emplace_back(group[i][TS[j]], group[i][TS[j + 1]]); } } cout << ans.size() << '\n'; for (auto& p : ans) cout << p.first + 1 << ' ' << p.second + 1 << '\n'; return 0; }