#include <cmath>
#include <deque>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <list>
#include <tuple>
#include <map>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <stack>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <functional>
#include <numeric>
#include <iomanip> 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <cstring>
//eolibraries
#define lnf 3999999999999999999
#define inf 999999999
#define fi first
#define se second
#define pb push_back
#define ll long long
#define ld long double
#define all(c) (c).begin(),(c).end()
#define sz(c) (int)(c).size()
#define make_unique(a) sort(all(a)),a.erase(unique(all(a)),a.end());
#define rep(i,n) for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
#define drep(i,n) for(int i=n-1;i>=0;i--)
#define crep(i,x,n) for(int i=x;i<n;i++)
#define vec(...) vector<__VA_ARGS__>
#define _3kynfAJ ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false),cin.tie(0),cout.tie(0)
//eodefine
using namespace std;
using pii=pair<int,int>;
using vi=vec(int);
const int mxn=12000;

int main(){
_3kynfAJ;
	int t;
	cin>>t;
	rep(cs,t){
		int a,b;
		cin>>a>>b;
		int x=a,ans=0;
		rep(i,b-1){ a+=x; ans++; }
		while(a>=0){ a--; ans++; }
		cout<<ans<<"\n";
	}
//
	return 0;
}