#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES #include #include using namespace std; /* #include using namespace atcoder; */ /* #include #include using bll = boost::multiprecision::cpp_int; using bdouble = boost::multiprecision::number>; using namespace boost::multiprecision; */ #if defined(LOCAL_TEST) || defined(LOCAL_DEV) #define BOOST_STACKTRACE_USE_ADDR2LINE #define BOOST_STACKTRACE_ADDR2LINE_LOCATION /usr/local/opt/binutils/bin/addr2line #define _GNU_SOURCE 1 #include #endif #ifdef LOCAL_TEST namespace std { template class dvector : public std::vector { public: using std::vector::vector; template , std::nullptr_t> = nullptr> std::vector::reference operator[](std::size_t n) { if (this->size() <= n) { std::cerr << boost::stacktrace::stacktrace() << '\n' << "vector::_M_range_check: __n (which is " << n << ") >= this->size() (which is " << this->size() << ")" << '\n'; } return this->at(n); } template , std::nullptr_t> = nullptr> const T_ operator[](std::size_t n) const { if (this->size() <= n) { std::cerr << boost::stacktrace::stacktrace() << '\n' << "vector::_M_range_check: __n (which is " << n << ") >= this->size() (which is " << this->size() << ")" << '\n'; } return this->at(n); } template , std::nullptr_t> = nullptr> T_& operator[](std::size_t n) { if (this->size() <= n) { std::cerr << boost::stacktrace::stacktrace() << '\n' << "vector::_M_range_check: __n (which is " << n << ") >= this->size() (which is " << this->size() << ")" << '\n'; } return this->at(n); } template , std::nullptr_t> = nullptr> const T_& operator[](std::size_t n) const { if (this->size() <= n) { std::cerr << boost::stacktrace::stacktrace() << '\n' << "vector::_M_range_check: __n (which is " << n << ") >= this->size() (which is " << this->size() << ")" << '\n'; } return this->at(n); } }; template , typename Allocator = std::allocator> class dmultiset : public std::multiset { public: using std::multiset::multiset; const typename std::multiset::iterator erase(const typename std::multiset::iterator it) { return std::multiset::erase(it); } std::size_t erase([[maybe_unused]] const T& x) { std::cerr << boost::stacktrace::stacktrace() << '\n'; assert(false); } std::size_t erase_all_elements(const T& x) { return std::multiset::erase(x); } }; } #define vector dvector #define multiset dmultiset class SIGFPE_exception : std::exception {}; class SIGSEGV_exception : std::exception {}; void catch_SIGFPE([[maybe_unused]] int e) { std::cerr << boost::stacktrace::stacktrace() << '\n'; throw SIGFPE_exception(); } void catch_SIGSEGV([[maybe_unused]] int e) { std::cerr << boost::stacktrace::stacktrace() << '\n'; throw SIGSEGV_exception(); } signed convertedmain(); signed main() { signal(SIGFPE, catch_SIGFPE); signal(SIGSEGV, catch_SIGSEGV); return convertedmain(); } #define main() convertedmain() #else #define erase_all_elements erase #endif #ifdef LOCAL_DEV template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const std::pair& p) { return s << "(" << p.first << ", " << p.second << ")"; } template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const std::array& a) { s << "{ "; for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i){ s << a[i] << "\t"; } s << "}"; return s; } template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const std::set& se) { s << "{ "; for (auto itr = se.begin(); itr != se.end(); ++itr){ s << (*itr) << "\t"; } s << "}"; return s; } template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const std::multiset& se) { s << "{ "; for (auto itr = se.begin(); itr != se.end(); ++itr){ s << (*itr) << "\t"; } s << "}"; return s; } template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const std::map& m) { s << "{\n"; for (auto itr = m.begin(); itr != m.end(); ++itr){ s << "\t" << (*itr).first << " : " << (*itr).second << "\n"; } s << "}"; return s; } template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const std::deque& v) { for (std::size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i){ s << v[i]; if (i < v.size() - 1) s << "\t"; } return s; } template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const std::vector& v) { for (std::size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i){ s << v[i]; if (i < v.size() - 1) s << "\t"; } return s; } template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const std::vector>& vv) { s << "\\\n"; for (std::size_t i = 0; i < vv.size(); ++i){ s << vv[i] << "\n"; } return s; } template , std::nullptr_t> = nullptr> std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const T (&v)[N]) { for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i){ s << v[i]; if (i < N - 1) s << "\t"; } return s; } #if __has_include() template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const __gnu_pbds::tree& se) { s << "{ "; for (auto itr = se.begin(); itr != se.end(); ++itr){ s << (*itr) << "\t"; } s << "}"; return s; } template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const __gnu_pbds::gp_hash_table& m) { s << "{\n"; for (auto itr = m.begin(); itr != m.end(); ++itr){ s << "\t" << (*itr).first << " : " << (*itr).second << "\n"; } s << "}"; return s; } #endif void debug_impl() { std::cerr << '\n'; } template void debug_impl(const Head& head, const Tail&... tail) { std::cerr << " " << head << (sizeof...(tail) ? "," : ""); debug_impl(tail...); } #define debug(...) do { std::cerr << ":" << __LINE__ << " (" << #__VA_ARGS__ << ") ="; debug_impl(__VA_ARGS__); } while (false) constexpr inline long long prodlocal([[maybe_unused]] long long prod, [[maybe_unused]] long long local) { return local; } #else #define debug(...) do {} while (false) constexpr inline long long prodlocal([[maybe_unused]] long long prod, [[maybe_unused]] long long local) { return prod; } #endif //#define int long long using ll = long long; //INT_MAX = (1<<31)-1 = 2147483647, INT64_MAX = (1LL<<63)-1 = 9223372036854775807 constexpr ll INF = std::numeric_limits::max() == INT_MAX ? (ll)1e9 + 7 : (ll)1e18; constexpr ll MOD = (ll)1e9 + 7; //primitive root = 5 //constexpr ll MOD = 998244353; //primitive root = 3 constexpr double EPS = 1e-9; constexpr ll dx[4] = {1, 0, -1, 0}; constexpr ll dy[4] = {0, 1, 0, -1}; constexpr ll dx8[8] = {1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 1, -1, -1}; constexpr ll dy8[8] = {0, 1, 0, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1}; #define rep(i, n) for(ll i=0, i##_length=(n); i< i##_length; ++i) #define repeq(i, n) for(ll i=1, i##_length=(n); i<=i##_length; ++i) #define rrep(i, n) for(ll i=(n)-1; i>=0; --i) #define rrepeq(i, n) for(ll i=(n) ; i>=1; --i) #define all(v) std::begin(v), std::end(v) #define rall(v) std::rbegin(v), std::rend(v) void p() { std::cout << '\n'; } template void p(const Head& head, const Tail&... tail) { std::cout << head << (sizeof...(tail) ? " " : ""); p(tail...); } template inline void pv(const std::vector& v) { for(ll i=0, N=v.size(); i inline bool chmax(T& a, T b) { return a < b && (a = b, true); } template inline bool chmin(T& a, T b) { return a > b && (a = b, true); } template inline void uniq(std::vector& v) { std::sort(v.begin(), v.end()); v.erase(std::unique(v.begin(), v.end()), v.end()); } template inline ll sz(const T& v) { return std::size(v); } template std::vector make_vector_impl(std::vector& sizes, typename std::enable_if<(N==1), const T&>::type x) { return std::vector(sizes.front(),x); } template auto make_vector_impl(std::vector& sizes, typename std::enable_if<(N>1), const T&>::type x) { ll size=sizes.back(); sizes.pop_back(); return std::vector(sizes,x))>(size,make_vector_impl(sizes,x)); } template auto make_vector(const ll (&sizes)[N], const T& x=T()) { std::vector s(N); for(std::size_t i=0; i(s,x); } template struct Indexer { struct iterator { ll _pos; typename T::iterator _it; iterator(typename T::iterator it): _pos(0), _it(it) {} std::pair::reference> operator*() const { return {_pos, *_it}; } iterator& operator++() { ++_pos; ++_it; return *this; } iterator operator++(int) { iterator tmp(*this); ++*this; return tmp; } bool operator==(iterator const& it) const { return _it == it._it; } bool operator!=(iterator const& it) const { return !(*this == it); } }; T& _container; Indexer(T& t): _container(t) {} iterator begin() const { return iterator(_container.begin()); } iterator end() const { return iterator(_container.end()); } }; template Indexer indexer(const T& t) { return Indexer(t); } #define repv(i, val, v) for(auto&& [i, val] : indexer(v)) #if __has_include() template , typename std::enable_if_t, std::nullptr_t> = nullptr> struct fmap : public __gnu_pbds::gp_hash_table { using __gnu_pbds::gp_hash_table::gp_hash_table; template fmap(std::initializer_list> il) : __gnu_pbds::gp_hash_table() { for (auto&& x : il) __gnu_pbds::gp_hash_table::insert(std::pair(*x.begin(), *(x.begin() + 1))); } template ll count(const T& x) const { return __gnu_pbds::gp_hash_table::find(x) != __gnu_pbds::gp_hash_table::end(); } }; #else template using fmap = std::map; #endif /*-----8<-----template-----8<-----*/ //[lib]最小費用流Primal-Dual.cpp /* 最小費用流(Primal-Dual) 計算量:O(FElogV) PrimalDual(V):= 頂点数 V で初期化する。 add_edge(from, to, cap, cost):= 頂点 from から to に容量 cap,                    コスト cost の辺を張る。 min_cost_flow(s, t, flow):= 頂点 s から t に流量 flow の最小費用流を流す。                流せた場合はそのコスト, 流せない場合は −1 を返す。 */ template< typename flow_t, typename cost_t > class PrimalDual { public: struct edge { ll to; flow_t cap; cost_t cost; ll rev; bool isrev; }; vector< vector< edge > > graph; vector< cost_t > potential, min_cost; vector< ll > prevv, preve; const cost_t inf; PrimalDual(ll V, ll inf = INF) : graph(V), inf(inf) {} void add_edge(ll from, ll to, flow_t cap, cost_t cost) { graph[from].emplace_back((edge) {to, cap, cost, (ll) graph[to].size(), false}); graph[to].emplace_back((edge) {from, 0, -cost, (ll) graph[from].size() - 1, true}); } cost_t min_cost_flow(ll s, ll t, flow_t f, const vector &pv={}) { ll V = (ll) graph.size(); cost_t ret = 0; using Pi = pair< cost_t, ll >; priority_queue< Pi, vector< Pi >, greater< Pi > > que; if(pv.size()) potential = pv; else potential.assign(V, 0); preve.assign(V, -1); prevv.assign(V, -1); while(f > 0) { min_cost.assign(V, inf); que.emplace(0, s); min_cost[s] = 0; while(!que.empty()) { Pi p = que.top(); que.pop(); if(min_cost[p.second] < p.first) continue; for(ll i = 0; i < (ll)graph[p.second].size(); i++) { edge &e = graph[p.second][i]; cost_t nextCost = min_cost[p.second] + e.cost + potential[p.second] - potential[e.to]; if(e.cap > 0 && min_cost[e.to] > nextCost) { min_cost[e.to] = nextCost; prevv[e.to] = p.second, preve[e.to] = i; que.emplace(min_cost[e.to], e.to); } } } if(min_cost[t] == inf) return -INF; for(ll v = 0; v < V; v++) potential[v] += min_cost[v]; flow_t addflow = f; for(ll v = t; v != s; v = prevv[v]) { addflow = min(addflow, graph[prevv[v]][preve[v]].cap); } f -= addflow; ret += addflow * potential[t]; for(ll v = t; v != s; v = prevv[v]) { edge &e = graph[prevv[v]][preve[v]]; e.cap -= addflow; graph[v][e.rev].cap += addflow; } } return ret; } void output() const { for(ll i = 0; i < (ll)graph.size(); i++) { for(auto &e : graph[i]) { if(e.isrev) continue; auto &rev_e = graph[e.to][e.rev]; cout << i << "->" << e.to << " (flow: " << rev_e.cap << "/" << rev_e.cap + e.cap << ")" << endl; } } } }; template std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const PrimalDual& pd) { s << "\\\n"; pd.output(); return s; } //グラフ負辺除去のためのポテンシャルを計算する //計算量: isDAG ? O(E+V) : O(EV) template vector calcPotential(const PrimalDual pd, ll start) { bool allPositive = [&]{ for(auto&& v : pd.graph) for(auto&& e : v) if(!e.isrev && e.cost<0) return false; return true; }(); if(allPositive){ return vector(pd.graph.size(), 0); } vector isDAG = [&] { ll N = pd.graph.size(); vector dist(N, numeric_limits::max()>>1); dist[start] = 0; vector indegree(N, 0); for(ll from=0; from que; for(ll i=0; i(); }(); if (isDAG.size()) return isDAG; ll edgesize = 0; for (auto&& v : pd.graph) edgesize += v.size(); edgesize >>= 1; if (edgesize * pd.graph.size() > (ll)1e8) { return vector(pd.graph.size(), 0); } auto bellman_ford = [&](ll start, vector &dist) { ll gsize = pd.graph.size(); const cost_t inf = numeric_limits::max(); const cost_t minusinf = numeric_limits::min(); dist.assign(gsize, inf); dist[start] = 0; bool negative_cycle = false; for(ll k=0; k<(gsize<<1); k++) for(ll from=0; from dist[from] + e.cost) { dist[e.to] = dist[from] + e.cost; if (k >= gsize-1) { dist[e.to] = minusinf>>1; negative_cycle = true; } } } } return negative_cycle; }; vector dist; bool negativecycle = bellman_ford(start, dist); assert(!negativecycle); return dist; } /*-----8<-----library-----8<-----*/ void solve() { ll N, K; cin >> N >> K; vector a(N), m(N); vector> b(N); rep(i,N){ cin >> a[i] >> m[i]; b[i].resize(m[i]); rep(j, m[i]) cin >> b[i][j], b[i][j]--; } ll start = 0; ll goal = N - 1; PrimalDual pd(N<<1); rep(i,N-1){ pd.add_edge(i, i+1, K, 0); pd.add_edge(i, i+N, K, a[i]); } rep(i,N){ for(auto&& j:b[i]){ pd.add_edge(j+N, i, 1, -a[i]); } } vector potential = calcPotential(pd, start); //ポテンシャルを事前計算して渡すことが可能 //サイクルがあると動かないのでSCCでサイクル除去する ll mincost = pd.min_cost_flow(start, goal, K, potential); cout << -mincost << '\n'; //debug(pd); } signed main() { #ifndef LOCAL_DEV std::cin.tie(nullptr); std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false); #endif //ll Q; cin >> Q; while(Q--)solve(); solve(); return 0; }