#define LOCAL #include using namespace std; #pragma region Macros typedef long long ll; typedef __int128_t i128; typedef unsigned int uint; typedef unsigned long long ull; #define ALL(x) (x).begin(), (x).end() template istream& operator>>(istream& is, vector& v) { for (T& x : v) is >> x; return is; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const vector& v) { for (size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) { os << v[i] << (i + 1 == v.size() ? "" : " "); } return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const pair& p) { os << '(' << p.first << ',' << p.second << ')'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const map& m) { os << '{'; for (auto itr = m.begin(); itr != m.end();) { os << '(' << itr->first << ',' << itr->second << ')'; if (++itr != m.end()) os << ','; } os << '}'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const unordered_map& m) { os << '{'; for (auto itr = m.begin(); itr != m.end();) { os << '(' << itr->first << ',' << itr->second << ')'; if (++itr != m.end()) os << ','; } os << '}'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const set& s) { os << '{'; for (auto itr = s.begin(); itr != s.end();) { os << *itr; if (++itr != s.end()) os << ','; } os << '}'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const multiset& s) { os << '{'; for (auto itr = s.begin(); itr != s.end();) { os << *itr; if (++itr != s.end()) os << ','; } os << '}'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const unordered_set& s) { os << '{'; for (auto itr = s.begin(); itr != s.end();) { os << *itr; if (++itr != s.end()) os << ','; } os << '}'; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const deque& v) { for (size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) { os << v[i] << (i + 1 == v.size() ? "" : " "); } return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const array& v) { for (size_t i = 0; i < N; i++) { os << v[i] << (i + 1 == N ? "" : " "); } return os; } template void print_tuple(ostream&, const T&) {} template void print_tuple(ostream& os, const T& t) { if (i) os << ','; os << get(t); print_tuple(os, t); } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const tuple& t) { os << '{'; print_tuple<0, tuple, Args...>(os, t); return os << '}'; } void debug_out() { cerr << '\n'; } template void debug_out(Head&& head, Tail&&... tail) { cerr << head; if (sizeof...(Tail) > 0) cerr << ", "; debug_out(move(tail)...); } #ifdef LOCAL #define debug(...) \ cerr << " "; \ cerr << #__VA_ARGS__ << " :[" << __LINE__ << ":" << __FUNCTION__ << "]" << '\n'; \ cerr << " "; \ debug_out(__VA_ARGS__) #else #define debug(...) void(0) #endif template T gcd(T x, T y) { return y != 0 ? gcd(y, x % y) : x; } template T lcm(T x, T y) { return x / gcd(x, y) * y; } int topbit(signed t) { return t == 0 ? -1 : 31 - __builtin_clz(t); } int topbit(long long t) { return t == 0 ? -1 : 63 - __builtin_clzll(t); } int botbit(signed a) { return a == 0 ? 32 : __builtin_ctz(a); } int botbit(long long a) { return a == 0 ? 64 : __builtin_ctzll(a); } int popcount(signed t) { return __builtin_popcount(t); } int popcount(long long t) { return __builtin_popcountll(t); } bool ispow2(int i) { return i && (i & -i) == i; } long long MSK(int n) { return (1LL << n) - 1; } template T ceil(T x, T y) { assert(y >= 1); return (x > 0 ? (x + y - 1) / y : x / y); } template T floor(T x, T y) { assert(y >= 1); return (x > 0 ? x / y : (x - y + 1) / y); } template inline bool chmin(T1& a, T2 b) { if (a > b) { a = b; return true; } return false; } template inline bool chmax(T1& a, T2 b) { if (a < b) { a = b; return true; } return false; } template void mkuni(vector& v) { sort(v.begin(), v.end()); v.erase(unique(v.begin(), v.end()), v.end()); } template int lwb(const vector& v, const T& x) { return lower_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), x) - v.begin(); } #pragma endregion #include #include #include template class modint { using i64 = int64_t; using u32 = uint32_t; using u64 = uint64_t; static_assert(Modulus < static_cast(1) << 31, "Modulus must be less than 2**31"); static constexpr u32 mod = Modulus; u32 v; public: constexpr modint(const i64 x = 0) noexcept : v(x < 0 ? mod - 1 - (-(x + 1) % mod) : x % mod) {} constexpr u32& val() noexcept { return v; } constexpr const u32& val() const noexcept { return v; } constexpr modint operator+(const modint& rhs) const noexcept { return modint(*this) += rhs; } constexpr modint operator-(const modint& rhs) const noexcept { return modint(*this) -= rhs; } constexpr modint operator*(const modint& rhs) const noexcept { return modint(*this) *= rhs; } constexpr modint operator/(const modint& rhs) const noexcept { return modint(*this) /= rhs; } constexpr modint& operator+=(const modint& rhs) noexcept { v += rhs.v; if (v >= mod) v -= mod; return *this; } constexpr modint& operator-=(const modint& rhs) noexcept { if (v < rhs.v) v += mod; v -= rhs.v; return *this; } constexpr modint& operator*=(const modint& rhs) noexcept { v = (u64)v * rhs.v % mod; return *this; } constexpr modint& operator/=(const modint& rhs) noexcept { return *this *= rhs.inv(); } constexpr modint pow(long long n) const noexcept { assert(0 <= n); modint self(*this), res(1); while (n > 0) { if (n & 1) res *= self; self *= self; n >>= 1; } return res; } constexpr modint inv() const noexcept { assert(*this != 0); return pow(mod - 2); } constexpr modint& operator++() noexcept { if (++v == mod) v = 0; return *this; } constexpr modint& operator--() noexcept { if (v == 0) v = mod; return --v, *this; } constexpr modint operator++(int) noexcept { modint t = *this; return ++*this, t; } constexpr modint operator--(int) noexcept { modint t = *this; return --*this, t; } constexpr modint operator-() const noexcept { return modint(mod - v); } template friend constexpr modint operator+(T x, modint y) noexcept { return modint(x) + y; } template friend constexpr modint operator-(T x, modint y) noexcept { return modint(x) - y; } template friend constexpr modint operator*(T x, modint y) noexcept { return modint(x) * y; } template friend constexpr modint operator/(T x, modint y) noexcept { return modint(x) / y; } constexpr bool operator==(const modint& rhs) const noexcept { return v == rhs.v; } constexpr bool operator!=(const modint& rhs) const noexcept { return v != rhs.v; } constexpr bool operator!() const noexcept { return !v; } friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& s, modint& rhs) noexcept { i64 v; rhs = modint{(s >> v, v)}; return s; } friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const modint& rhs) noexcept { return s << rhs.v; } }; /** * @brief modint * @docs docs/modulo/modint.md */ #include #include template struct LazySegmentTree { LazySegmentTree(int n, const F f, const G g, const H h, const Monoid& e, const OperatorMonoid& id) : n(n), f(f), g(g), h(h), e(e), id(id) { size = 1; height = 0; while (size < n) size <<= 1, height++; data.assign(size << 1, e); lazy.assign(size << 1, id); } void set(int k, Monoid x) { assert(0 <= k && k < n); data[k + size] = x; } void build() { for (int k = size - 1; k > 0; k--) { data[k] = f(data[k << 1 | 0], data[k << 1 | 1]); } } void update(int a, int b, const OperatorMonoid& x) { assert(0 <= a && a <= b && b <= n); if (a == b) return; thrust(a += size); thrust(b += size - 1); for (int l = a, r = b + 1; l < r; l >>= 1, r >>= 1) { if (l & 1) lazy[l] = h(lazy[l], x), ++l; if (r & 1) --r, lazy[r] = h(lazy[r], x); } recalc(a); recalc(b); } void set_val(int k, Monoid x) { assert(0 <= k && k < n); thrust(k += size); data[k] = x; lazy[k] = id; recalc(k); } Monoid query(int a, int b) { assert(0 <= a && a <= b && b <= n); if (a == b) return e; thrust(a += size); thrust(b += size - 1); Monoid L = e, R = e; for (int l = a, r = b + 1; l < r; l >>= 1, r >>= 1) { if (l & 1) L = f(L, apply(l++)); if (r & 1) R = f(apply(--r), R); } return f(L, R); } Monoid operator[](int k) { thrust(k += size); return apply(k); } template int find_first(int l, const C& check) { assert(0 <= l && l <= n); assert(!check(e)); if (l == n) return n; Monoid L = e; if (l == 0) { if (check(f(L, apply(1)))) return find_subtree(1, check, L, false); return n; } thrust(l + size); int r = size; for (l += size, r += size; l < r; l >>= 1, r >>= 1) { if (l & 1) { Monoid nxt = f(L, apply(l)); if (check(nxt)) return find_subtree(l, check, L, false); L = nxt; l++; } } return n; } template int find_last(int r, const C& check) { assert(0 <= r && r <= n); assert(!check(e)); if (r == 0) return 0; Monoid R = e; if (r == n) { if (check(f(apply(1), R))) return find_subtree(1, check, R, true); return -1; } thrust(r + size - 1); int l = size; for (r += size; l < r; l >>= 1, r >>= 1) { if (r & 1) { Monoid nxt = f(apply(--r), R); if (check(nxt)) return find_subtree(r, check, R, true); R = nxt; } } return -1; } private: int n, size, height; std::vector data; std::vector lazy; const F f; const G g; const H h; const Monoid e; const OperatorMonoid id; inline Monoid apply(int k) { return lazy[k] == id ? data[k] : g(data[k], lazy[k]); } inline void propagate(int k) { if (lazy[k] == id) return; lazy[k << 1 | 0] = h(lazy[k << 1 | 0], lazy[k]); lazy[k << 1 | 1] = h(lazy[k << 1 | 1], lazy[k]); data[k] = apply(k); lazy[k] = id; } inline void thrust(int k) { for (int i = height; i > 0; i--) propagate(k >> i); } inline void recalc(int k) { while (k >>= 1) data[k] = f(apply(k << 1 | 0), apply(k << 1 | 1)); } template int find_subtree(int a, const C& check, Monoid& M, bool type) { while (a < size) { propagate(a); Monoid nxt = type ? f(apply(a << 1 | type), M) : f(M, apply(a << 1 | type)); if (check(nxt)) a = a << 1 | type; else M = nxt, a = (a << 1 | 1) - type; } return a - size; } }; /** * @brief Lazy Segment Tree * @docs docs/datastructure/LazySegmentTree.md */ const int INF = 1e9; const long long IINF = 1e18; const int dx[4] = {1, 0, -1, 0}, dy[4] = {0, 1, 0, -1}; const char dir[4] = {'D', 'R', 'U', 'L'}; // const long long MOD = 1000000007; const long long MOD = 998244353; using mint = modint; int main() { cin.tie(0); ios::sync_with_stdio(false); int N; cin >> N; vector A(N); cin >> A; vector B = A; mkuni(B); int n = B.size(); auto f = [](mint a, mint b) { return a + b; }; auto g = [](mint a, mint b) { return a * b; }; LazySegmentTree seg(n, f, g, g, 0, 1); struct node { mint sum; int a; node(mint sum, int a) : sum(sum), a(a) {} }; struct add { mint b, c; add(mint b, mint c) : b(b), c(c) {} bool operator==(const add& rhs) const { return b == rhs.b && c == rhs.c; } }; auto nf = [](node a, node b) { return node(a.sum + b.sum, a.a + b.a); }; auto ng = [](node a, add x) { return node(a.sum * x.b + x.c * a.a, a.a); }; auto nh = [](add a, add b) { return add(a.b * b.b, a.c * b.b + b.c); }; LazySegmentTree nseg(N, nf, ng, nh, node(0, 0), add(1, 0)); for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) nseg.set(i, node(1, 1)); mint ans = 0; for (int& x : A) { int pos = lwb(B, x); seg.update(pos, n, 2); mint val = seg[pos]; val += nseg[pos].sum * x; seg.set_val(pos, val); nseg.update(pos + 1, n, add(2, 0)); nseg.update(0, n, add(1, 1)); ans += seg.query(0, n); } cout << ans << '\n'; return 0; }